Critics have also argued that, as the Austrian business cycle theory points to the actions of fractional-reserve banks and central banks to explain the business cycles, it fails to explain the severity of business cycles before the establishment of the Federal Reserve in 1913.

Critics question how bundle theory accounts for the properties ' compresence ( the togetherness relation between those properties ) without an underlying substance.

Critics of Wittfogel's oriental despotism theory point out that water management was not a high priority when compared to taxes, rituals, and fighting off bandits.

Critics point out a number of problems with this theory.

Critics of this theory regard it as simplistic, arguing that ( unlike New Zealand and America ) there is little direct evidence of hunting, and that the dates on which the theory rests are too uncertain to be relied on.

Critics of Marx have leveled the charge of historicism against his theory since its very genesis.

John Darling's 1994 book Child-Centered Education and its Critics argues that the history of modern educational theory is a series of footnotes to Rousseau, a development he regards as bad.

* Critics of sedevacantism argue that this also means that the theory advanced by the seventeenth-century theologian and Doctor of the Church Robert Bellarmine that a pope who fell into heresy would automatically forfeit his office and could be formally deposed has been overruled by Church authority by Benedict XIV in " De Synodo Dioecesano " ( 10, 1, 5 ) and by the 1917 Code of Canon Law, Can.

Critics of this theory point out that as indigenous Australians only developed boomerangs and spears for hunting around 10, 000 years ago, a critical fall in numbers due to systematic hunting is unlikely.

Tolkien identified in his 1936 lecture " Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics " a " Northern ' theory of courage '"— the heroic or " virtuous pagan " insistence to do the right thing even in the face of certain defeat without promise of reward or salvation:

Today interest in literary theory and Continental philosophy coexists in university literature departments with a more conservative literary criticism which the New Critics would probably have approved of.

Critics such as Robert J. Sampson and Stephen Raudenbush of Harvard University see the application of the broken windows theory in policing as a war against the poor as opposed to a war against more serious crimes.

Critics of the theory charged that the Indochinese wars were largely indigenous or nationalist in nature ( such as the Vietnamese driving out the French ), and that no such monolithic force as " world communism " existed.

Critics also argue that the empirical evidence shows that " predatory pricing " does not work in practice and is better defeated by a truly free market than by anti-trust laws ( see Criticism of the theory of predatory pricing ).

Critics believe this is just another piece added to Jiang's cult of personality, others have seen practical applications of the theory as a guiding ideology in the future direction of the CPC.

Critics of hacktivism fear that the lack of a clear agenda makes it a politically immature gesture, while those given to conspiracy theory hope to see in hacktivism an attempt to precipitate a crisis situation online.

Critics argue that standard exchange rate theory would predict, instead, a devaluation of the currency of the nation running the high budget deficit, and eventual " crowding out " of private investment.

Critics of this theory argue that the purpose of Article 5 is to require all NATO members to respond when any NATO member is attacked, not to restrict the circumstances under which NATO will choose to use force.

Critics of Contemporary Feng Shui are concerned that with the passage of time much of the theory behind it has been lost in translation, not paid proper consideration, frowned upon, or even scorned.

Critics argue that this demonstrated lack of predictive power renders the theory's other predictions unreliable, while others cite this as only compounding the warnings the theory gives.

Critics point out that the model's implications are political as well as developmental and that while the terminology of the theory is self-consciously inclusive, the practical implications of the model can be seen as socially elitist and authoritarian.

Critics of this theory argue that there is too much of an emphasize on resources, especially financial resources.

Critics of the political process theory and resource-mobilization theory point out that neither theory discusses movement culture to any great degree.

Critics of neoliberalism, at times, claim that it is the newly predominant form of imperialism.

Critics of these versions, such as Taoism scholar Eugene Eoyang, claim that translators like Stephen Mitchell produce readings of the Tao Te Ching that deviate from the text and are incompatible with the history of Chinese thought.

Critics claim the vocabulary and style of the Pauline letters could not have been written by Paul according to available biographical information and reflect the views of the emerging Church rather than the apostle's.

Critics may dispute the positive interpretation of results obtained in scientific studies of ESP, as they claim they are difficult to reproduce reliably, and are small in effect.

Critics have claimed that the Nazis ' claim of scientific reasons behind their promotion of racism and hostility to homosexuals is pseudoscience.

Critics dispute the claim that in practice free markets create perfect competition, or even increase market competition over the long run.

Critics of Moore's arguments sometimes claim that he is appealing to general puzzles concerning analysis ( cf.

Critics of hypertext claim that it inhibits the old, linear, reader experience by creating several different tracks to read on, and that this in turn contributes to a postmodernist fragmentation of worlds.

Critics claim that, in political contexts, labeling certain opinions and statements " hate speech " can be used to silence unfavorable or critical opinions and play down debate.

Critics claim that existing tests do not adequately measure student mastery of the stated objectives.

Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions.

Critics claim that the terms " instantiation " and " copy " are not further defined and that participation and inherence are similarly mysterious and unenlightening.

Critics claim that in elastic, price-sensitive markets, price increases cause some consumers to seek substitutes for that product.

Critics tended to claim the film was either sensationalizing nuclear war or that it was too tame.

Critics of the Seventeenth Amendment claim that by altering the way senators are elected, the states lost any representation they had in the federal government and that this led to the gradual " slide into ignominy " of state legislatures, as well as an overextension of federal power and the rise of special interest groups to fill the power vacuum previously occupied by state legislatures.

Critics use these statistics to support the original claim that originally it was not a merger of equals, that it was a takeover of UMIST by Manchester University and that this was not in UMIST's best interests.

Critics claim the World Food Programme to be harmful to the aided countries.

Critics have described this as " Saudi vandalism " and claim that in Medina and Mecca over the last 50 years 300 historic sites linked to Muhammad, his family or companions have been lost.

Critics of inclusive language claim that inclusive language can provide incorrect translations in various instances.

Critics, such as Emmanuel Levinas and Karl Löwith, claim that Heidegger's support for National Socialism revealed flaws inherent in his thought.

Critics claim that these theories, when used as an explanation for fine-tuning, commit the inverse gambler's fallacy.

Critics often claim abuse of administrative power over domain names.

Critics, and those associated with the Anti-Globalization Movement, claim that the model has been unevenly applied to favor multinational corporations over local producers & retailers, and has led to a model of global domination along the north-south divide, characterized by a rich core and an impoverished periphery.

Critics claim that if the measures proposed by the US were implemented and applied this would prevent scientific research in Latin America, causing as a consequence more inequalities and technological dependence from the developed countries.

Critics of the effort claim that it creates hardship primarily for the coca growers, many of whom are poor and have no viable alternative way to make a living, causes environmental problems, that it is not effective in reducing the supply of cocaine, in part because cultivation can move to other areas, and that any social harm created by drug abuse is only made worse by the war on drugs.