And it was clear that Adrien was not mistaken, for both Small and Cromwell took no step toward aiding in the sending up of the new topgallant mast till Philip Spencer had given the signal to obey.

The government during 1653 to 1659 is properly called The Protectorate, and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son Richard, as Lord Protector.

Cromwell immediately took steps to enforce the legislation which had just been passed by Parliament.

Cromwell took the initiative against his enemies.

Executions took place in the town's Market Place on Saturdays, and the machine remained in use until Oliver Cromwell forbade capital punishment for petty theft.

Cromwell took his measures deliberately.

Oliver Cromwell came to Pembroke and took the castle after a seven-week siege.

The campaign of 1657 was uneventful, and is only to be remembered because a body of 6, 000 English infantry, sent by Cromwell in pursuance of his treaty of alliance with Mazarin, took part in it.

The strength of feeling was recorded in a letter from Lord Conyers and Sir John Bulmer to Thomas Cromwell: " On Sunday, 11th July, at Gysburn in Yorkshire, when the parish priest was declaring the articles dissolution directed by the King to the Archbishop of York, one John Atkeynson alias Brotton came violently and took book forth of the priest's hands, and pulled it in pieces.

Another sermon preached on 29 April, a plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of Oliver Cromwell, who took Owen to Ireland as his chaplain, that he might regulate the affairs of Trinity College, Dublin.

During the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell took possession of the estate for the sum of five shillings in 1640.

Cooper eventually took his seat in the parliament on 20 January 1658, after Cromwell accepted an amended version of the Humble Petition and Advice that stipulated that the excluded members could return to parliament.

He emigrated to Nova Scotia where he received a grant of land from Cromwell, but the French took possession of his property, and the home government did nothing to uphold his rights.

Late in 1658 Oliver Cromwell died, and Cowley took advantage of the confusion of affairs to escape to Paris, where he remained until the Restoration brought him back in Charles's train.

It was in these years, during the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell, in the absence of much competition or organised music-making, that Jenkins took the occasion to write more than 70 suites for amateur household players.

Oliver Cromwell then took it over, and turned it into barracks during the English Commonwealth period.

During the three Sieges of Pontefract Castle, Oliver Cromwell took residence in the town of Knottingley, believed to be in Wildbore House.

When Cromwell was defeated, Charles gave his brother, the Duke of York ( later to become King James II ), rights to the colony of Nieuw Amsterdam when Richard Nicolls took it from the Dutch in 1667.

During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in September 1649, Oliver Cromwell arrived at Arklow on his way to Wexford and took the surrender of the town.

He thus gravitated more towards Oliver Cromwell and the army party, but he took no part either in the disputes between the army and the parliament or in the trial of the king.

He still, however, remained on good terms with Cromwell, by whom he was respected ; he took part in public business, acted as Cromwell's adviser on foreign affairs, negotiated the treaty with Sweden of 1656, and, elected again to the parliament of the same year as member for Buckinghamshire, was chairman of the committee which conferred with Cromwell on the subject of the Petition and Advice and urged the protector to assume the title of king.

In particular, Cromwell took no steps to enforce the 1651 Navigation Act against the colony's merchants, and also overlooked complaints about the colony's repressive tactics against religious nonconformists.

Although Cromwell authorized payment, he made it contingent on the colony performing an audit of Leverett's finances, which never took place.

He based his defences on walled towns, which Cromwell systematically took one after the other with his ample supply of siege artillery.

He did not neglect his wife in Cromwell Hall, but telephoned her and wrote her with assurances of his continuing interest and of his wish to `` stand behind '' her in their separation and of his hope that there would be no bitterness between them.

I saw him myself and it was done after consultation with Cromwell.

When the radicals mustered enough support to defeat a bill which would have preserved the status quo in religion, the conservatives, together with many moderates, surrendered their authority back to Cromwell who sent soldiers to clear the rest of the Assembly.

These ranged from Royalists who wished to place King Charles II on the throne, to men like Oliver Cromwell, who wished to govern with a Parliament voted in by an electorate determined by property ownership, similar to that enfranchised before the civil war, to the Levellers, influenced by the writings of John Lilburne, who wanted parliamentary government based on an electorate constituted of every head of household ( normally though not necessarily male as was acknowledged in the Putney Debates ), through to other groups with smaller followings like the Fifth Monarchists, Gerrard Winstanley and the Diggers, the Ranters, and the Society of Friends ( Quakers ).

Though his movement attracted disdain from some, others such as William Penn and Oliver Cromwell viewed Fox with respect.

After affirming that he had no intention of taking up arms Fox was able to speak with Cromwell for most of the morning about the Friends and advised him to listen to God's voice and obey it so that, as Fox left, Cromwell " with tears in his eyes said, ' Come again to my house ; for if thou and I were but an hour of a day together, we should be nearer one to the other '; adding that he wished no more ill than he did to his own soul.

The seven hundred Quakers who had been imprisoned under Richard Cromwell were released, though the government remained uncertain about the group's links with other, more violent, movements.

It passed the Self-denying Ordinance, by which all members of either House of Parliament laid down their commands, and re-organized its main forces into the New Model Army (" Army "), under the command of Sir Thomas Fairfax, with Cromwell as his second-in-command and Lieutenant-General of Horse.

At length Vane rose to remonstrate, and call him to his senses ; but Cromwell, instead of listening to him, drowned his voice, repeating with great vehemence, and as though with the desperate excitement of the moment, " Sir Harry Vane!

One could bear a little with Oliver Cromwell, though, contrary to his oath of fidelity to Parliament, contrary to his duty to the public ,... But as for Richard Cromwell, his son, who is he?

Orlando Bridgman, who upon his submission to Cromwell had been permitted to practice the law in a private manner, and under that colour had served both as spy and agent for his master, was entrusted with the principal management of this tragic scene ; and in his charge to the Grand Jury, had the assurance to tell them ' That no authority, no single person, or community of men ; not the people collectively or representatively, had any coercive power over the King of England.

A ruling that Henry Vane himself had concurred with in opposition to Oliver Cromwell years earlier.

His father Ernest Cromwell Peake was a medical missionary doctor with the London Missionary Society of the Congregationalist tradition and his mother, Amanda Elizabeth Powell, had come to China as a missionary assistant.

The dark view of human nature also fit well with the Puritan view of the world, and some of the most stridently mercantilist legislation, such as the Navigation Acts, were enacted by the government of Oliver Cromwell.

Over 1539, the king's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, negotiated a potential alliance with the Duchy of Cleves.

In 1902, taking advantage of a year with increased volcanic activity in the Caribbean, Cromwell planted a story in the New York Sun reporting that the Momotombo volcano had erupted and caused a series of seismic shocks.

Cromwell arranged for leaflets with the stamps featuring Momotombo to be sent to every Senator, as " proof " of the volcanic activity in Nicaragua.

* An Interview with a conservator from the Library of Congress who conserved a document that bears the signature of Oliver Cromwell

Although the character was written with Cromwell in mind, Tom Hanks, a big fan of Star Trek, was approached for the role by Paramount first, but he had already committed to the film That Thing You Do!