Most of the biosecurity concerns in synthetic biology, however, focused on the role of DNA synthesis and the risk of producing genetic material of lethal viruses ( e. g. 1918 Spanish flu, polio ) in the lab.

** viruses: DNA viruses — RNA viruses — retroviruses

The simplest genophores are found in viruses: these DNA or RNA molecules are short linear or circular genophores that often lack structural proteins.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA ) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms ( with the exception of RNA viruses ).

Although Group VII viruses such as hepatitis B contain a DNA genome, they are not considered DNA viruses according to the Baltimore classification, but rather reverse transcribing viruses because they replicate through an RNA intermediate.

Notable diseases like smallpox and chickenpox are cause by such DNA viruses.

A fourth order-Megavirales-for the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses has been proposed.

Despite this discovery until relatively recently it was believed that the majority of DNA viruses belonged to the double stranded clade.

All viruses in this group require formation of a replicative form-a double stranded DNA intermediate-for genome replication.

A number of additional single stranded DNA viruses are known but are as yet unclassified.

Most known fungal viruses have either double stranded DNA or RNA genomes.

Satellite viruses are small viruses with either RNA or DNA as their genomic material that require another virus to replicate.

Alphasatellites are small circular single strand DNA viruses that require a begomovirus for transmission.

Betasatellites are small linear single stranded DNA viruses that require a begomovirus to replicate.

Based on the genome organisation and DNA replication mechanism it seems that phylogenetic relationships may exist between the rudiviruses ( Rudiviridae ) and the large eukaryal DNA viruses: the African swine fever virus ( Asfarviridae ), Chlorella viruses ( Phycodnaviridae ) and poxviruses ( Poxviridae ).

All know viral DNA polymerases belong to the DNA pol families A and B.

The ICTV classifies RNA viruses as those that belong to Group III, Group IV or Group V of the Baltimore classification system of classifying viruses, and does not consider viruses with DNA intermediates in their life cycle as RNA viruses.

On April 30, 2008, Russian forensic scientists announced that DNA testing proves that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters.

On 30 April 2008, Russian forensic scientists announced that DNA testing proves that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters.

Recently a DNA study found that the families Ardeidae, Balaenicipitidae, Scopidae and the Threskiornithidae belong to the Pelecaniformes.

DNA testing by multiple international laboratories such as the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory and Innsbruck Medical University confirmed that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters, proving conclusively that all family members, including Anastasia, died in 1918.

Cornwell claimed she was able to scientifically prove that the DNA on a letter attributed to the Ripper and on a letter written by Sickert belong to only one percent of the population.

reported that Japanese people descended from indigenous Jōmon people may belong to human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup M's subclades — M7a and M7b2.

Previously thought to be related, the Philippine Eagle has been shown by analysis of DNA to belong elsewhere in the raptor family as it is related to the Circaetinae.

Erythroviruses belong to the Parvoviridae family of small DNA viruses.

The best-studied transcription factors acting in this pathway belong to the MYC family of transcription factors, which are characterized by a basic helix-loop-helix ( bHLH ) DNA binding motif.

However, mitochondrial DNA sequence analyses of the cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes indicates that it might belong to a very distinct and ancient " duck " clade, together with Hartlaub's Duck, another African species of uncertain affinities.

E. coli DNA adenine methyltransferase ( Dam ) is an enzyme of ~ 32 kDa that does not belong to a restriction / modification system.

Eight of nine DNA groups under Ctrl / South category belong to Pakistan even though India is in the same group with about 7 times the population of Pakistan and with racial diversities many times over.

The Rurikid DNA project by Y DNA evidence has proven that the Puzyna belong to the patriline of the Rurikids.

Cisplatin and carboplatin belong to the group of platinum-based antineoplastic agents, and interact with DNA to interfere with DNA repair.

DNA tests showed years later that not only did the hairs in fact not belong to Harder, but they weren't even related to each other.

While the precise control mechanism has not yet been established, FOX proteins belong to the forkhead / winged-helix family of transcriptional regulators and are presumed to exert control via similar DNA binding interactions during transcription.

The Desert Finch, Carduelis obsoleta ( formerly Rhodopechys obsoleta ), has turned out to belong to the ( sub ) genus Chloris in the genus Carduelis as indicated by DNA sequences, song and eyestripe pattern ; it is closely related to the greenfinches ( Zamora et al., 2006 ).

The central goal of the ENCODE project is to map out the regulome, by determining which parts of the DNA belong to it and the mechanisms by which those parts influence gene transcription.

The two strands of DNA in a double helix can therefore be pulled apart like a zipper, either by a mechanical force or high temperature.

It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA.

Somatic gene therapy represents the mainstream line of current basic and clinical research, where the therapeutic DNA transgene ( either integrated in the genome or as an external episome or plasmid ) is used to treat a disease in an individual.

Common examples of in vitro experiments include ( a ) cells derived from multicellular organisms ( cell culture or tissue culture ), ( b ) subcellular components ( e. g. mitochondria or ribosomes ), ( c ) Cellular or subcellular extracts ( e. g. wheat germ or reticulocyte extracts ), or ( d ) purified molecules in the test tube ( often proteins, DNA, or RNA, either individually or in combination ).

Each of the resulting chromosomes in the gamete cells is a unique mixture of maternal and paternal DNA, resulting in offspring that are genetically distinct from either parent.

Mutation can result in several different types of change in DNA sequences ; these can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning.

DNA may be modified, either naturally or artificially, by a number of physical, chemical and biological agents, resulting in mutations.

Most mutagens act either directly, or indirectly via mutagenic metabolites, on the DNA producing lesions.

All living cells contain both DNA and RNA, while viruses contain either DNA or RNA, but usually not both.

This is in contrast to all other known infectious agents ( virus / bacteria / fungus / parasite ) which must contain nucleic acids ( either DNA, RNA, or both ).

Cleavage of the RNA flaps involves either endonuclease 1 ( FEN1 ) cleavage of short flaps, or coating of long flaps by the single-stranded DNA binding protein replication protein A ( RPA ) and sequential cleavage by Dna2 nuclease and FEN1.

* Linear DNA has free ends, either because both strands have been cut or because the DNA was linear in vivo.

p53 becomes activated in response to a myriad of stress types, which include but are not limited to DNA damage ( induced by either UV, IR, or chemical agents such as hydrogen peroxide ), oxidative stress, osmotic shock, ribonucleotide depletion, and deregulated oncogene expression.

Transcription factors bind to either enhancer or promoter regions of DNA adjacent to the genes that they regulate.

If the DNA was resolved by gel electrophoresis, the DNA can be visualized either by silver staining ( low sensitivity, safe, inexpensive ), or an intercalating dye such as ethidium bromide ( fairly sensitive, moderate health risks, inexpensive ), or as most modern forensics labs use, fluorescent dyes ( highly sensitive, safe, expensive ).

Molecular nanowires are composed of repeating molecular units either organic ( e. g. DNA ) or inorganic ( e. g. Mo < sub > 6 </ sub > S < sub > 9-x </ sub > I < sub > x </ sub >).

Some retroviruses are transmitted in the germ line, i. e. their genetic material is integrated into the DNA of either the ovum or sperm.

* Dispersive replication would produce two copies of the DNA, both containing distinct regions of DNA composed of either both original strands or both new strands.