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Danelaw is also used to describe the set of legal terms and definitions created in the treaties between the English king, Alfred the Great, and the Danish warlord, Guthrum, written following Guthrum's defeat at the Battle of Edington in 878.
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Danelaw and is
In some cases, such as " shirt " and " skirt ", one of the cognate pairs has an ultimate source in another language related to English, while the other one is native, as happened with many loanwords from Old Norse borrowed during the Danelaw.
The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ( also known as the Danelagh ; Old English: Dena lagu ; ), is a historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the " Danes " held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons.
Another Danelaw site is the cremation site at Heath Wood, Ingleby, Derbyshire.
Although it's unknown how Guthrum consolidated his rule as king over the other Danish chieftains of the Danelaw ( Danish ruled territory of England ), what is known is that by 874 he was able to wage a war against Wessex and its King, Alfred.
The name is understood to date from 865, during the period of the Danelaw.
Further down the river from the site where the mill once stood is Sandye Place Academy where it is believed there was a Danish camp which was built to protect Danelaw in 886.
Evidence of settlement throughout Saxon and Danelaw period ( 8th / 9th centuries ) is reflected in many place names.
The district is well to the south of the Danelaw, but a man of Danish origin may have come south and settled here.
A settlement of servants and manual workers grew up around the castle and this became the village of Castlethorpe ( thorpe is an Old Norse language ( particularly Danish ) word for homestead, and it is not unreasonable to assume that there may well have been a Danish settlement nearby as the area was, if not part of, certainly close to, the Danelaw ).
However, there was no long-term Danish occupation ( see Danelaw ) in Surrey, which was part of Wessex, and Danish-derived nomenclature is also highly unlikely.
One possibility is the earliest use of the term, which originates from the Viking town law in the Danelaw, wherein by is the Old Norse word for a larger settlement as in Whitby and Derby ( compare with the modern Danish-Norwegian word by meaning town, or the modern Swedish word by, meaning village ).
This period of the English monarchy is known as the Saxon period, though their rule was often contested, notably by the Danelaw and later by the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard who claimed the throne from 1013 to 1014, during the reign of Æthelred the Unready.
There is no definitive explanation of the roots of the village's name, but its '- by ' ending implies a link to Viking rule during the period of the Danelaw.
Historically a part of Lancashire, the name Hulme is derived from the Old Norse word for a small island, or land surrounded by water or marsh, indicating that it may have been first settled by Norse invaders during the period of the Danelaw.
The carucate (, from carrūca, " wheeled plough ") or ploughland (, " plough's land ") was a unit of assessment for tax used in most Danelaw counties of England, and is found for example in Domesday Book.
Mercian vocabulary is largely derived from Proto-Germanic, with Latin loanwords coming via the use of Latin as the language of the Catholic Church, and Norse loanwords that arrived as part of the Norse incursions and foundation of the Danelaw which covered much of the midlands and north of England.
The area of England where Greensted is located is at the edge of the area once known as Danelaw, which was ruled by the King of Denmark.
Danelaw and also
Geographically, a Viking Age may be assigned not only to Scandinavian lands ( modern Denmark, Norway and Sweden ), but also to territories under North Germanic dominance, mainly the Danelaw, including Scandinavian York, the administrative centre of the remains of the Kingdom of Northumbria, parts of Mercia, and East Anglia.
These wars were a prelude to the long struggle of the Saxons of Alfred the Great against the Danes a generation later, which also included the leader named Guthrum, all of whom founded the Danelaw.
Since Old Norse had many similarities to Anglo-Saxon, there are also many hybrid Saxon / Norse place names in the so-called ' Danelaw ' of England.
It appears that after Æthelstan's died, not only did Edmund lose control of Northumbria, but that the Five Burghs of the Mercian Danelaw also pledged themselves to Amlaíb mac Gofrith.
The Old Norse language also filtered in on a few occasions after the foundation of the Danelaw.
Æthelred's biographer, Ryan Lavelle, also questions its extent, arguing that it could not have been carried out in the Danelaw, where the Danes would have been too strong, and that it was probably confined to frontier towns such as Oxford, and larger towns with small Danish communities, such as Bristol, Gloucester and London.
Danelaw and used
The origins of the Danelaw arose from the Viking expansion of the 9th century, although the term was not used to describe a geographic area until the 11th century.
In the Yorkshire and former Danelaw areas of England, which like Wirral and north west England were subject to much Norse invasion and settlement, wapentakes ( another name for the same institution ) were, until recently, still used in public records.
It forms the traditional boundary between the counties of Middlesex and Essex, and was used for part of the Danelaw boundary.
It was sub-divided into oxgangs, or " bovates ", based on the area a single ox might till in the same period, which thus represented one eighth of a carucate ; and it was analogous to the hide, a unit of tax assessment used outside the Danelaw counties.
A similar measure was used in the northern Danelaw, known as a carucate, consisting of eight bovates, and Kent used a system based on a " sulung ", consisting of four yokes, which was larger than the hide and on occasion treated as equivalent to two hides.
Danelaw and legal
The " common law " was the law that emerged as " common " throughout the realm ( as distinct from the various legal codes that preceded it, such as Mercian law, the Danelaw and the law of Wessex ) as the king's judges followed each other's decisions to create a unified common law throughout England.
" The resulting Wantage Code code formally recognized legal customs that were part of the Danelaw.
Danelaw and terms
Old English adopted a small number of Greco-Roman loan words from an early period, especially in the context of the Christianisation of the Anglo-Saxons ( church, bishop, priest ), and from the 9th century ( Danelaw ) many Old Norse loans for every-day terms ( skull, egg, skirt ).
Danelaw and created
The original diocese fell victim to the invasion by the Danes around 870 and after the establishment of the Danelaw in 886 the diocese's seat was moved to Oxfordshire and, taking over the existing Diocese of Lindine ( created in 678 ), became the Diocese of Dorchester.
The original diocese fell victim to the invasion by the Danes around 870 and after the establishment of the Danelaw in 886 the diocese's seat was moved to Oxfordshire and, taking over the existing Diocese of Lindine ( created in 678 ), became the Diocese of Dorchester.
Danelaw and between
Sometime between 878 and 886, the territory was formally ceded by Wessex to the Danelaw kingdom of East Anglia, under the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum.
The main early source of religious influence was England due to interactions between Scandinavians and Saxons in the Danelaw, and Irish missionary monks.
The area occupied by the Danelaw was roughly the area to the north of a line drawn between London and Chester, excluding the portion of Northumbria to the east of the Pennines.
The contact between these languages in the Danelaw caused the incorporation of many Norse words into the English language, including the word law itself, sky and window, and the third person plural pronouns she, they, them and their.
In the 8th century, the Watling Street became the frontier between the kingdom of Wessex and Danelaw, and thus Towcester became a frontier town.
Watling Street, on the north-eastern edge of Warwickshire, became the boundary between the Danelaw ( the kingdom of the Danes ) to the east and the much reduced Mercia to the west.
There followed a peace treaty between Alfred and Guthrum, which had a variety of provisions, including defining the boundaries of the area to be ruled by the Danes ( which became known as the Danelaw ) and those of Wessex.
Danelaw and English
It was during the Viking invasions of the Anglo-Saxon period that Old English was influenced by contact with Norse, a group of North Germanic dialects spoken by the Vikings, who came to control a large region in the North of England known as the Danelaw.
The Danelaw resulted when Alfred the Great was forced to cede half his kingdom to the Vikings, who then settled there for a time and engaged in peaceful trade, but attacks eventually resumed and the English kings had to pay tribute ( Danegeld ).
Guthrum upheld his end of the treaty and left the boundary that separated the Danelaw from English England unmolested.
In the tenth and eleventh centuries, Old English was strongly influenced by the North Germanic language Old Norse, spoken by the Norsemen who invaded and settled mainly in the North East of England ( see Jórvík and Danelaw ).
From about 889 the Kettering area, along with much of Northamptonshire ( and at one point almost all of England except for Athelney marsh in Somerset ), was conquered by the Danes and became part of the Danelaw, with the ancient trackway of Watling Street serving as the border, until being recaptured by the English under the Wessex king Edward the Elder, son of Alfred the Great, in 917.
Suppressing internal opposition to his rule, Alfred contained the invaders within a region known as the Danelaw and confirmed the kings of Wessex as the rulers of the Anelcynn, all of the English.
The general similarity of Old Norse and Old English meant that the place names in the Danelaw were often simply " norsified ".
Northern English shows Viking influence because the area was all north of the Danelaw.
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