Darwin said that, far from being constant, the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species, and the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants.

Scientific racism began to flourish in the eighteenth century and was greatly influenced by Charles Darwin ’ s evolutionary studies, as well as ideas taken from the writings of philosophers like Aristotle ; for example, Aristotle believed in the concept of “ natural slaves ”.

Although this " atavistic resurgence " was very different to orthodox Darwinism, Spare greatly admired the evolutionary biologist Charles Darwin, and in later life paid a visit to the Kentish town of Downe, where Darwin had written his seminal text On the Origin of Species ( 1859 ).

James Hutton and Charles Lyell also contributed to early understanding of the Earth's history with their observations at Edinburgh in Scotland concerning angular unconformity in a rock face and it was in fact Lyell that influenced Charles Darwin greatly in his theory of evolution by speculating that the present is the key to the past.

Darwin later considered the nearly perfect function of male nipples in contrast to greatly reduced structures such as the vesicula prostatica, speculating that both sexes may have nursed young in early mammalian ancestors, and subsequently mammals evolved to inactivate them in males at an early age.

Greatly influenced by the works of Darwin, Amin is quoted to have said that “ if Egyptians did not modernize along European lines and if they were ‘ unable to compete successfully in the struggle for survival they would be eliminated ,” by the works of Herbert Spencer and John Stuart Mill who argued for equality of the sexes and believed was analogous to the “ evolution of societies from despotism to democracy, Amin believed that heightening a women ’ s status in society would greatly improve the nation.

In mid-July 1837 Darwin began a notebook on " transmutation of Species ", his " B " notebook, having been " greatly struck from about month of previous March on character of S. American fossils — & species on Galapagos Archipelago.

He is the author of Project Orion: The Atomic Spaceship 1957-1965 and Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence, in which he expands upon the premise of Samuel Butler's 1863 article of the same name and suggests that the Internet is a living, sentient being.

The sudden appearance of most species in the geologic record and the lack of evidence of substantial gradual change in most species — from their initial appearance until their extinction — has long been noted, including by Charles Darwin who appealed to the imperfection of the record as the favored explanation.

Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science.

* November 24 – British naturalist Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, a book which argues that species gradually evolve through natural selection ( it immediately sells out its initial print run ).

The initial commercial services in Hobart and Darwin were respectively allocated channels 6 and 8 rather than 7 or 9.

Nevertheless, Push associates regularly assisted in organising and turning out for street demonstrations, e. g., against South African apartheid and in support of victims of the 1960 Sharpeville massacre ; against the initial refusal of immigration minister Alexander Downer, Sr. to grant political asylum to three Portuguese merchant seamen who jumped ship in Darwin ; and against Australia's participation in the Vietnam War.

In the wake of the initial Japanese raids — and fearing a surface attack — Blake decided to remove all Allied forces from central Darwin and other coastal areas.

After his initial correspondence with the psychiatrist James Crichton-Browne Darwin set aside his material concerning emotional expression in order to complete The Descent of Man which covered human ancestry and sexual selection.

While Hooker was working on his initial address, Darwin with his wife Emma and daughter Henrietta went on holiday to the Isle of Wight on July 16 1868, and rented a cottage from the photographer Julia Margaret Cameron who took Darwin's portrait.

Goyder is otherwise remembered for the siting, planning and initial development of Darwin, the Northern Territory capital and principal population centre.

Some 14 years after Brown ’ s initial edition, the grandfather of Charles Darwin, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, in the introduction to the American edition of 1816 of his Zoonomia, placed Brown in the context of the stream of medicine from the time of the Greeks.

Charles Darwin underwent hydropathic treatment at Wells House when his book On the Origin of Species was published on 24 November 1859, whilst staying with his family North View House ( now Hillside Court ).

On a memorable occasion in March 1832 at Bahia, Brazil, Darwin was horrified at tales of the treatment of slaves, but FitzRoy, while not endorsing brutality, recounted how an estancia owner once asked his slaves if they wished to be free and was told they didn't.

As president, while personally opposing euthanasia, he supported the right of doctors to withdraw treatment from consenting critically ill patients, and supported euthanasia campaigner Dr Philip Nitschke's case against the Royal Darwin Hospital.

Darwin was called in, and as the apothecary would give no information, had to decide on treatment himself.

Darwin would make good use of the homologies analyzed by Owen in his own theory, but the harsh treatment of Grant, along with the controversy surrounding Vestiges, would be factors in his decision to ensure that his theory was fully supported by facts and arguments before publishing his ideas.

Darwin was taking treatment at Dr. Lane's new hydropathic establishment at Sudbrooke Park, Petersham, near Richmond in Surrey.

A spinal freezing treatment seemed to help, and Darwin pressed on with his Variation Under Domestication.

Darwin rented a villa at Malvern for his family and started a two-month trial of the treatment on 10 March.

Darwin kept records of the effects of the continuing water treatment at home and in 1852 stopped the regime, having found that it was of some help with relaxation but overall had no significant effect, indicating that it served only to decrease his psychosomatic symptomatology.

Darwin was able to resume treatment at Moor Park from 25 – 31 October 1858, as he struggled on to write On the Origin of Species despite repeated health problems.

On 24 December 2007 Scrymgour spent several hours at the emergency department of Royal Darwin Hospital undergoing treatment for " an emotional and physical collapse ".

Sexual selection, a concept introduced by Charles Darwin in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, is a significant element of his theory of natural selection.

The Ant and the Peacock: Altruism and Sexual Selection from Darwin to Today.

" Aveling and Büchner questioned what would have happened if Darwin had been given that advice before publication of the Origin, and had confined " the revolutionary truths of Natural and Sexual Selection to the judicious few ", where would the world be?

During the Spring Darwin tried to find explanations in Sexual Selection for variations in that " eminently domesticated animal ", mankind, and for the plumage of birds.

* 1964 Introduction, Bibliography and Subject Pages vii – xxviii, 491 – 513 in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, by Charles Darwin.

For example, at the time that Darwin first published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection ( 1859 ), no remains of human ancestors had yet been found.

When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, the oldest animal fossils were those from the Cambrian Period, now known to be about 540 million years old.

Two of the most significant thinkers of the period were biologist Charles Darwin ( 1809 – 82 ), author of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection ( 1859 ), and political scientist Karl Marx ( 1818 – 83 ), author of Das Kapital ( 1867 ).

Illustration from The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex by Charles Darwin, showing the Tufted Coquette Lophornis ornatus: female on left, ornamented male on right.

While Darwin had been criticised for simply accepting female whims as given, Ronald Fisher grasped the underlying mechanism in The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, in a remark that was not widely understood for another 50 years:

Illustration from The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex by Charles Darwin showing the Tufted Coquette Lophornis ornatus, female on left, ornamented male on right.

Darwin was hard at work on his " big book " on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands ( Ternate and Gilolo ).

Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint paper should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction.

) Darwin had initially decided to call it An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.

Darwin used the term twice in the 1859 first edition of his work On the Origin of Species, in Chapter IV: Natural Selection, and in Chapter VI: Difficulties on Theory –

This hypothesis was notably discussed and defended at length by Charles Darwin, in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ( 1871 ).

These observations were later used by Darwin as he formed his theory of Natural Selection.

Male lactation was of some interest to Alexander von Humboldt, who reports in Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent of a citizen of the village Arenas ( close to Cumana ) who allegedly nurtured his son for three months when his wife was ill, as well as Charles Darwin, who commented on it in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ( 1871 ):

* The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex by Charles Darwin, outlining his theory for man's origins and his theory of sexual selection, and including his first published use of the term evolution ( published by John Murray in London, February 24 ).

The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex is a book on evolutionary theory by English naturalist Charles Darwin, first published in 1871.

Darwin wrote on page 6 of The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication published in 1868, " This preservation, during the battle for life, of varieties which possess any advantage in structure, constitution, or instinct, I have called Natural Selection ; and Mr. Herbert Spencer has well expressed the same idea by the Survival of the Fittest.

In Chapter 4 of the 5th edition of The Origin published in 1869, Darwin implies again the synonym: " Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest ".

Emma often played the piano for Charles, and in Charles ' 1871 The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Darwin spent several pages on the evolution of musical ability by means of sexual selection.

The baby's illness and early death kept Darwin from attending the first publication of Darwin's theory at the joint reading of papers by Alfred Russel Wallace and himself titled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection at the meeting of the Linnean Society on 1 July 1858.

On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection is the title of a joint presentation of two scientific papers to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858 ; On The Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type by Alfred Russel Wallace and an Extract from an unpublished Work on Species from Charles Darwin's Essay of 1844, together with an Abstract of a Letter from Darwin to Asa Gray.