Several international financial institutions have praised the economic reforms introduced by former president Álvaro Uribe ( elected 7 August 2002 ), which include measures designed to reduce the public-sector deficit below 2. 5 % of GDP in 2004.

Fiscal adjustment measures included downsizing the civil service, implementing a pension reform that placed the system on a much stronger financial footing, and strengthening public expenditure institutions.

Similar to general risk management, financial risk management requires identifying its sources, measuring it ( see: Risk measure: Well known risk measures ), and formulating plans to address these, and can be qualitative and quantitative.

New research discloses the mischaracterization of investment safety and measures of financial products and markets so complex that their effects, especially under conditions of uncertainty, are impossible to predict.

In the 1980s, financial problems caused by massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oil export facilities by Iran led the government to implement austerity measures, borrow heavily, and later reschedule foreign debt payments ; Iraq suffered economic losses of at least $ 80 billion from the war.

The ratings include the company's financial strength, which measures its ability to pay claims.

He publicised it as a budget for savings and announced the Tax-Exempt Special Savings Account ( TESSA ), arguing that measures were required to address the marked fall in the household savings ratio that had been apparent during the previous financial year.

The result was a sequence of innovative but unpopular financial measures.

Triggered by the collapse of the second largest bank, GDP plunged by almost 18 % in 2009, and the European Union, the International Monetary Fund, and other international donors provided substantial financial assistance to Latvia as part of an agreement to defend the currency's peg to the euro in exchange for the government's commitment to stringent austerity measures.

Despite the global financial crisis, the South Korean economy, helped by timely stimulus measures and strong domestic consumption of products that compensated for a drop in exports, was able to avoid a recession unlike most industrialized economies, posting positive economic growth for two consecutive years of the crisis.

But due to his measures in the financial and commercial fields, it was a period of general stability — the administration was centralised and court affairs systematized.

Taxes from the oil have increased public sector spending on social welfare, art, sport, environmental measures and financial development.

In 2009, the Turkish Government introduced various economic stimulus measures to reduce the impact of the 2007 – 2012 global financial crisis such as temporary tax cuts on automobiles, home appliances and housing.

* July 31 – WWII – The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring orders S. S. General Reinhard Heydrich to " submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question.

They often took extreme measures to combat the problem-measures that would add to social unrest and ultimately to a worsened financial position for themselves and their tenants.

In 2009 the University of Michigan made the winning bid for the Altman archives: approximately 900 boxes of personal papers, scripts, legal, business and financial records, photographs, props and related material ; the total collection measures over 1, 000 linear feet.

Despite the necessity of rapid reconstruction and the lack of financial means, authorities did take several measures to improve traffic flow, sanitation, and the aesthetics of the city.

According to prestigious Global Capital Markets Survey, which measures readership habits amongst most senior corporate and financial decision makers in the world ’ s largest companies and financial institutions, the Financial Times is considered the most important business read, reaching 33 % of the universe, 6 % more than The Wall Street Journal.

Cost-cutting measures were taken because of parent company Vivendi Universal Games ' ( VU Games ') financial troubles and because of Sierra ’ s lack of profitability as a working developer.

It was hoped that these measures would improve BAS's financial performance.

Several measures serve as indicators of the long-term financial status of Medicare.

Although goal attainment is in theory based on five measures ( level and distribution of health, level and distribution of " responsiveness " and " fairness of financial contribution "), the actual values assigned to most countries, including Canada, were never directly measured.

According to prestigious Global Capital Markets Survey, which measures readership habits amongst most senior corporate and financial decision makers in the world ’ s largest companies and financial institutions, the Financial Times is considered the most important business read, reaching 33 % of the universe, 6 % more than The Wall Street Journal.

Advocates of perspectives stressing the role of credit money in an economy often refer to ( such ) bubbles as " credit bubbles ," and look at such measures of financial leverage as debt to GDP ratios to identify bubbles.

He used his leverage to win rapid passage of a series of measures to create welfare programs and regulate the banking system, stock market, industry and agriculture.

It relates to operating leverage, which measures the ratio between fixed costs and variable costs.

There are various measures of operating leverage,

This leads to two measures of operating leverage:

Both of these measures depend on sales: if the unit variable cost is constant, then as sales increase, operating leverage ( as measured by fixed costs to total costs or variable costs ) decreases.

Note that unlike other measures of operating leverage, in the linear Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Model, contribution margin is a fixed quantity, and does not change with Sales.

Contribution margin analysis is a measure of operating leverage: it measures how growth in sales translates to growth in profits.

* The housing debt to equity ratio ( not to be confused with the corporate debt to equity ratio ), also called loan to value, is the ratio of the mortgage debt to the value of the underlying property ; it measures financial leverage.

The Office of Business Economics ( OBE ) of the U.S. Department of Commerce provides basic measures of the national economy and current analysis of short-run changes in the economic situation and business outlook.

Such measures are essential to its job of presenting business and Government with the facts required to meet the objective of expanding business and improving the operation of the economy.

In total, these increases in operating costs outweigh the savings that result from declining programs and from economy measures, such as reduced numbers of units and installations, smaller inventories of major equipment, and improvements in the supply and distribution systems of the Armed Forces.

However, the monetary authorities will continue to be required to pay attention to the consequences of their actions with respect to our international balance of payments position and the outflow of gold, as well as with regard to avoiding the creation of excessive liquidity in the economy, which would delay the effectiveness of monetary policy measures in the next expansion phase of the business cycle.

Brunei is a country with a small, wealthy economy that is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition.

Excessive disparities in income distribution emerging from private ownership are alleged by proponents of this system to lead to social instability that requires costly corrective measures in the form of social welfare and redistributive taxation and heavy administrative costs to administer them while weakening the incentive to work, inviting dishonesty and increasing the likelihood of tax evasion while reducing the overall efficiency of the market economy and necessitating government regulation over markets.

For example, Keynesians support a role for government in providing corrective measures, such as use of fiscal policy for economy stimulus, when decisions in the private sector are believed to lead to suboptimal economic outcomes, such as depression or recession, which manifest in widespread hardship.

When considering fuel economy in automobiles two measures are commonly used – miles per gallon ( mpg ), and litres per 100 km.

National income, measured by statistics such as the Net National Income ( NNI ), measures the total income of individuals, corporations, and government in the economy.

In 2009, a budget deficit of 5 % resulted from government measures to stimulate the economy, especially the banking sector, as a result of the world economic crisis.

The Ratsiraka administration accepted the conditions of transparency, anti-corruption measures and free market policies imposed by the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and various bilateral donors in exchange for their bailout of the nation's broken economy.

The letter listed a series of monetary and fiscal measures deemed a " shock program " to end hyperinflation and promote a market economy.

As discontent rises, the Toledo administration is in a race to strengthen the economy so that popular pressures do not force a shift to more radical measures.

Congo took a number of measures to liberalize its economy, including reforming the tax, investment, labor, and hydrocarbon codes.

As the rural economy steadily lost ground and caused dissent among the farmers, however, the government decided to implement measures to increase farm productivity and income by instituting the Saemauel Movement (" New Village Movement ") in 1971.

These measures, coupled with significant improvements in the world economy, helped the South Korean economy regain its lost momentum in the late 1980s.

In contrast to the previous Soviet-style centrally planned economy, the new measures progressively relaxed restrictions on farming, agricultural distribution and, several years later, urban enterprises and labor.

Significant measures have been taken to liberalize the Tanzanian economy along market lines and encourage both foreign and domestic private investment.

The succeeding Governments tried to solve the economic problems by implementing several measures, some of which ( e. g. promoting export and tourism ) have become crucially important for the Thai economy until today.

Vietnam ’ s economy continues to expand at an annual rate in excess of 7 %, one of the fastest growing in the world, but it grew from an extremely low base, as it suffered the crippling effect of the Vietnam War from the 1950s to the 1970s, as well as the austerity measures introduced in its aftermath.

* It is difficult to manipulate a gold standard to tailor to an economy ’ s demand for money, providing practical constraints against the measures that central banks might otherwise use to respond to economic crises.

Fuel economy on both direct injected and four-stroke outboards measures from a 10 percent to 80 percent improvement, compared with conventional two-strokes.

Some economists and politicians, including Martin, believe natural capital measures play a key role in money supply and inflation measurements in a modern economy.