Detonations produced high above the ground do not create mushroom clouds.

Detonations underwater but near the surface produce a pillar of water, which, in collapsing, forms a cauliflower-shape, which is mistaken for a mushroom cloud on many pictures ( such as that seen in the well-known pictures of the Crossroads Baker test ).

Detonations at the surface will tend to produce more fallout material.

Detonations inflict damage principally through ground-and atmosphere-transmitted mechanical stress, the impact and penetration of pressure-driven projectiles, pressure damage, and explosion-generated effects.

Detonations are observed in both conventional solid and liquid explosives, as well as in reactive gases.

The leak consisted of Sagan revealing the titles of two classified papers from the A119 project — the 1958 paper Possible Contribution of Lunar Nuclear Weapons Detonations to the Solution of Some Problems in Planetary Astronomy, and the 1959 paper Radiological Contamination of the Moon by Nuclear Weapons Detonations.

For temperatures significantly below the Fermi temperature, the electrons behave in almost the same way as at absolute zero.

( Previously, the actives and inactives — see Progression below — had significantly different roles ).

As it expands, the nozzle collimates the gas into a uniform supersonic beam that is essentially collision free and has a temperature that, in the centre of mass frame, can be significantly below that of the reservoir gas.

The ability to create custom scenarios contributed significantly to the game's popularity ( see the section on WADs, below ).

As discussed in more detail below, Einstein's theory of relativity significantly modifies this view.

In protocolary terms, states are distinguished as monarchy or republic depending on the style ( and usually mode of accession, see below ) of their head of state, a typical constitutional provision, but as such this is not defining for the actual political system, which often evolves significantly, or can remain unaltered in other respects despite a transition from monarchy to republic ( or, rarer, vice versa ).

The Tigris also rises in Turkey but is significantly augmented by several rivers in Iraq, the most important of which are the Khabur, the Great Zab, the Little Zab, and the Adhaim, all of which join the Tigris above Baghdad, and the Diyala, which joins it about thirty-six kilometers below the city.

The engine in a car cruising on a highway is usually operating significantly below its ideal load, because it is designed for the higher loads required for rapid acceleration.

However the consumption of moose liver or kidneys significantly increased cadmium intake, with the study revealing that heavy consumers of moose organs have a relatively narrow safety margin below the levels which would probably cause adverse health effects.

OBE models do not approve of social promotion, so non-disabled students who perform significantly below the stated standard may be held back or required to take additional instruction.

Approximately 13. 7 % of Russians lived below the national poverty line in 2010, significantly down from 40 % in 1998 at the worst point of the post-Soviet collapse.

Whilst this is the largest number in Africa, South Africa's broadband penetration of 4 % is significantly below international standards-largely due to exorbitant costs established by the monopoly enjoyed by Telkom until recently.

This became the prototype of modern " shaped " skis ( when viewed from above or below, the centre or " waist " is significantly narrower than the tip and tail ).

At significantly shallower depths, above the Moho, calcic plagioclase is the more stable aluminous mineral in peridotite, while garnet is the stable phase deeper in the mantle below the spinel stability region.

An odd-fire V6, on the other hand, shows highly irregular torque variations of 200 % above and 175 % below mean torque, which is significantly worse than an even-fire V6, and in addition the power delivery shows large harmonic vibrations that have been known to destroy the dynamometer.

Despite substantial uncertainties, especially for the period prior to 1600 when data are scarce, the warmest period of the last 2, 000 years prior to the 20th century very likely occurred between 950 and 1100, but temperatures were probably between 0. 1 ° C and 0. 2 ° C below the 1961 to 1990 mean and significantly below the level shown by instrumental data after 1980.

Although the presence of street children was a problem in Bucharest in the 1990s, their numbers have declined significantly in recent years, currently lying at or below the average of major European capital cities.

This is simply because electrons ( ejected from the air by gamma rays ) are stopped quickly in normal air for bursts below roughly 10 km ( about 6 miles ), so they do not get a chance to be significantly deflected by the Earth's magnetic field ( the deflection causes the powerful EMP seen in high altitude bursts ), thus the limited use of smaller burst altitudes for widespread EMP.

Often placing a piece of tape over one edge of the fipple slot ( just below the mouthpiece ) to narrow the fipple will improve the instrument's tone and playability significantly.

The boiling point of water drops by approximately 1 ° C per every 294 metres of altitude ( 1 ° F per every 540 feet of altitude ), causing the boiling point of water to be significantly below the at standard pressure.

During Johnson's years in office, national poverty declined significantly, with the percentage of Americans living below the poverty line dropping from 23 % to 12 %.

The " free and dutiable rate " in 1929 was 13. 5 % and peaked under Smoot – Hawley in 1933 at 19. 8 % which is significantly below the 29. 7 % " free and dutiable rate " that the United States averaged from 1821 until 1900.

Diagnosis involves testing and evaluation during which it is determined if the scores / performance are “ substantially below ” developmental expectations and if they “ significantly ” interfere with academic achievement, social interactions and daily living.

On average, one-half of all farmworker families earn less than $ 10, 000 per year, which is significantly below the 2005 U. S. poverty level of $ 19, 874 for a family of four.

When building an adobe structure, the ground should be compressed because the weight of adobe bricks is significantly greater than a frame house, and may cause cracking in the wall.

Although the role of the ground attack aircraft significantly diminished after the Korean War, it re-emerged during the Vietnam War, and in the recognition of this, the US Air Force authorised the design and production of what was later to become the A-10 dedicated anti-armour and ground-attack aircraft of the Cold War.

The real estate market, although not plummeting, ground to a halt and growth is expected to be significantly lower in the short-to-medium run.

After the Challenger accident, a study considered additional shielding and eventually rejected it, in part because such a design significantly increased the overall risk of mission failure and only shifted the other risks around ( for example, if a failure on orbit had occurred, additional shielding would have significantly increased the consequences of a ground impact ).

The images were used both to determine the location of the stones on the ground and, more significantly, to calculate for the first time an accurate orbit for a recovered meteorite.

Three satellites and three ground stations confirmed that the upper atmosphere ozone depletion rate has slowed down significantly during the past decade.

The board is bent upwards starting at the middle, so that when laid flat the nose and tail are significantly off the ground.

The gradient of the voltage ( changing voltage within a distance ) may be so high that two points on the ground may be at significantly different potentials, creating a hazard to anyone standing on the ground in the area.

There is no standardised form of cross country course and each venue is significantly defined by the environment it contains – some may be relatively flat and featureless, while others may be more challenging with natural obstacles, tight turns, and undulating ground.

The images were used both to determine the location of the stones on the ground and, more significantly, to calculate for the first time an accurate orbit for a recovered meteorite.

Tornadoes and hurricanes often inflict serious damage on trailer parks, usually because the structures are not secured to the ground and their construction is significantly less able to withstand high wind forces than regular houses.

The disadvantages of tracks are lower top speed, much greater mechanical complexity, and the damage that their all-steel versions cause to what passes beneath them: they are perceived / misconceived to severely damage hard terrain like asphalt pavement, but in actuality, often have significantly lower ground pressures than equivalent or lighter wheeled vehicles, but often cause damage to less firm terrains such as lawns, gravel roads, and farm fields, as the sharp edges of the track easily routs the turf.

The fractured and faulted volcanic tuff that Yucca Mountain comprises reflects the occurrence of many earthquake-faulting and strong ground motion events during the last several million years, and the hydrological characteristics of the rock would not be changed significantly by seismic events that may occur in the next 10, 000 years.

Electric taxiing will significantly reduce aircraft fuel burn which is estimated to be as high as 27 % of total fuel burn for a 90min flight where waiting in queue adds to the time on the ground.

All these types could significantly damage ground targets from a low level flight, either by bombing, machine guns, or both.

While the ground war did not fare as poorly for the Russians, the Japanese forces were significantly more aggressive than their Russian counterparts and gained a political advantage that culminated with the Treaty of Portsmouth, negotiated in the United States by the American president Theodore Roosevelt.

One IEEE 802. 11 WAP can typically communicate with 30 client systems located within a radius of 103 m. However, the actual range of communication can vary significantly, depending on such variables as indoor or outdoor placement, height above ground, nearby obstructions, other electronic devices that might actively interfere with the signal by broadcasting on the same frequency, type of antenna, the current weather, operating radio frequency, and the power output of devices.

It was originally built in 1913 on the site of a local college's recreation ground and was significantly redeveloped twice.

At Hockenheim, the mass damper was deemed illegal by the FIA, because the mass was not rigidly attached to the chassis and, due to the influence it had on the pitch attitude of the car, which in turn significantly affected the gap under the car and hence the ground effects of the car, to be a movable aerodynamic device and hence as a consequence, to be illegally influencing the performance of the aerodynamics.

Currents flowing in the Earth's surface during a fault can cause metal objects to have a significantly different voltage than the ground under a person's feet ; this touch potential presents a hazard of electrocution.

For instance, in Pennsylvania in spring, observations of eastern towhees below 3 feet ( 1 m ) from the ground occurred significantly ( p < 0. 05 ) more than expected based on random spatial distribution, and observations above 3 feet ( 1 m ) occurred significantly ( p < 0. 05 ) less than would be expected.