His 1995 University of Southern California doctoral dissertation " The Diachronic Self: Identity, Continuity, and Transformation " examined several issues that concern transhumanists, including the nature of death, and what it is about each individual that continues despite great change over time.

In M. DeGraff ( ed ), Comparative Grammatical Change: The Intersection of Language Acquisistion, Creole Genesis, and Diachronic Syntax, pp. 179 – 237.

) Corpus-based Studies of Diachronic English.

The Synchronic and Diachronic Phonology of Ejectives.

Pulmonic ingressive phonation: Diachronic and synchronic characteristics, distribution and function in animal and human sound production and in human speech.

Within lexical semantics, especially as applied to computers, modeling word meaning is easier when a given word is understood in terms of related words ; semantic networks are therefore important in computational linguistics.

* Semantics – study of the meaning of words ( lexical semantics ) and fixed word combinations ( phraseology ), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences

Semantics usually involved in lexicological work is called lexical semantics.

Among semantics of language, lexical semantics is most robust, and to some extend the phrase semantics too, while other types of linguistic semantics are new and not quite examined.

Semantics as a linguistic discipline has its beginning in the middle of the 19th century, and because linguistics at the time was predominantly diachronic, thus lexical semantics was diachronic too – it dominated the scene between the years of 1870 and 1930.

Cognitive lexical semantics is thought to be most productive of the current approaches.

This view of semantics, as an innate finite meaning inherent in a lexical unit that can be composed to generate meanings for larger chunks of discourse, is now being fiercely debated in the emerging domain of cognitive linguistics

* Cognitive semantics, dealing mainly with lexical semantics, separating semantics ( meaning ) into meaning-construction and knowledge representation.

* Complementary, a type of opposite in lexical semantics ( sometimes called an antonym )

Key areas of research include lexical semantics, grammatical semantics, phraseology and pragmatics, as well as cross-cultural communication.

Among the main features of RRG are the use of lexical decomposition, based upon the predicate semantics of David Dowty ( 1979 ), an analysis of clause structure, and the use of a set of thematic roles organized into a hierarchy in which the highest-ranking roles are ' Actor ' ( for the most active participant ) and ' Undergoer '.

In lexical semantics, opposites are words that lie in an inherently incompatible binary relationship as in the opposite pairs male: female, long: short, up: down, and precede: follow.

Words may either be taken to denote things in the world or concepts, depending on the particular approach to lexical semantics.

The units of meaning in lexical semantics are lexical units, which a speaker can continually add to throughout their life, learning new words and their meanings.

Lexical semantics covers theories of the classification and decomposition of word meaning, the differences and similarities in lexical semantic structure between different languages, and the relationship of word meaning to sentence meaning and syntax.

One question that lexical semantics explores is whether the meaning of a lexical unit is established by looking at its neighbourhood in the semantic net ( by looking at the other words it occurs with in natural sentences ), or if the meaning is already locally contained in the lexical unit.

Irregular past tense forms, such as " broke " or " was / were ", can be seen as still more specific cases ( since they are confined to certain lexical items, like the verb " break "), which therefore take priority over the general cases listed above.

Even before the Declaration of Boulogne, the language was remarkably stable ; only one set of lexical changes were made in the first year after publication, namely changing " when ", " then ", " never ", " sometimes ", " always " from kian, tian, nenian, ian, ĉian to kiam, tiam, neniam etc., to avoid confusion with the accusative forms of kia " what sort of ", tia " that sort of ", etc.

However, the method proposed was to eliminate the letter from the character set entirely ( thereby retaining 48 as the number of lexical characters, which the colon had increased to 49 ).

His evidence was mainly based on the uncertainty in the classification of Songhay, morphological resemblances, and lexical similarities.

A more recent proponent was Roger Blench ( 1995 ), who puts forward phonological, morphological and lexical evidence for uniting Niger – Congo and Nilo-Saharan in a Niger – Saharan phylum, with special affinity between Niger – Congo and Central Sudanic.

Scheme was the first dialect of Lisp to choose lexical scope and the first to require implementations to perform tail-call optimization.

This contrasts with dynamic scoping which was characteristic of early Lisp dialects, because of the processing costs associated with the primitive textual substitution methods used to implement lexical scoping algorithms in compilers and interpreters of the day.

Compiled behavior was the same as interpreted except that local variables were lexical by default in compiled code, and no error checking was done for inline operations such as CAR and CDR.

This LISA standard, which was revised and republished as ISO 30042, allows for the interchange of terminology data including detailed lexical information.

Closures are typically implemented with a special data structure that contains a pointer to the function code, plus a representation of the function's lexical environment ( e. g., the set of available variables and their values ) at the time when the closure was created.

By the 1980s large-scale lexical resources, such as the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English ( OALD ), became available: hand-coding was replaced with knowledge automatically extracted from these resources, but disambiguation was still knowledge-based or dictionary-based.

A prefatory note gives a list of dictionaries from which the lexical portion was compiled, together with the names of their authors.

The Khitan language, a Mongolic language, has several closed systems of lexical items for which systematic information is available and which show that the language was Mongolic.

The first grammatical and lexical description of the Huastec language accessible to Europeans was by Fray Andrés de Olmos, who also wrote the first such grammars of Nahuatl and Totonac.

One could also imagine rope was involved, at which point lexical ambiguity comes into play.

A lexical conception of polysemy was developed by B. T. S. Atkins, in the form of lexical implication rules.

In the original set, a " hook a " or " two-storey a " was used for the vowel in " cat " ( lexical set TRAP ), and a " round a " or " one-storey a " for the sound in " father " ( lexical set PALM ).

There are other languages that form lexical words without vowel sounds.

Hence, even without lexical meaning, the sentence can be said to be rather " meaningful ".

Even Norman domination has left some words, without upsetting the existing lexical and grammatical system.

* According to the final analysis, the word capacity achieved by the children was remarkably good: they spontaneously conversed about various topics, their pronunciation was correct, they occasionally ran into grammatical and lexical errors, but without affecting reciprocal comprehension ;

To determine where the actual lexical stress is in a word, one may try pronouncing the word in a phrase, with other words before and after it and without any pauses between them, to eliminate the effects of tonic stress: in the còunterintèlligence commúnity, for example, one can hear secondary ( that is, lexical ) stress on two syllables of counterintelligence, as the primary ( tonic ) stress has shifted to community.