Scientists who accepted his invitation include luminaries such as Paul Dirac, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Hendrik Lorentz and Niels Bohr.

Although Schrödinger himself after a year proved the equivalence of his wave-mechanics and Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, the reconciliation of the two approaches and their modern abstraction as motions in Hilbert space is generally attributed to Paul Dirac, who wrote a lucid account in his 1930 classic Principles of Quantum Mechanics.

The first formulation of a quantum theory describing radiation and matter interaction is due to British scientist Paul Dirac, who, during the 1920s, was first able to compute the coefficient of spontaneous emission of an atom.

In 1925 and 1927, Mulliken traveled to Europe, working with outstanding spectroscopists and quantum theorists such as Erwin Schrödinger, Paul A. M. Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, Louis de Broglie, Max Born, and Walther Bothe ( all of whom eventually received Nobel Prizes ) and Friedrich Hund, who was at the time Born's assistant.

Those who used the techniques of calculus included Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, Hermann Weyl, Oskar Klein, Walter Gordon, Douglas Hartree and Vladimir Fock.

It is named after Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac, who each discovered it independently, although Enrico Fermi defined the statistics earlier than Paul Dirac.

Other famous scholars who have worked at the institute include Alan Turing, Paul Dirac, Edward Witten, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Freeman Dyson, Julian Bigelow, Erwin Panofsky, Homer A. Thompson, George Kennan, Hermann Weyl, Stephen Smale, Atle Selberg, Noam Chomsky, Clifford Geertz, Paul Erdős, Michael Atiyah, Erich Auerbach, Nima Arkani-Hamed, Michael Walzer, Andrew Wiles, Stephen Wolfram, and Eric Maskin.

The Lecture and the Medal commemorate the visit to the university in 1975 of Professor Dirac, who gave five lectures there.

Examples include Michael Faraday, who, with James Clerk Maxwell, unified the electric and magnetic forces in what are now known as Maxwell's equations ; James Joule, who worked extensively in thermodynamics and is often credited with the discovery of the principle of conservation of energy ; Paul Dirac, one of the pioneers of quantum mechanics ; naturalist Charles Darwin, author of On the Origin of Species and discoverer of the principle of evolution by natural selection ; Harold Kroto, the discoverer of buckminsterfullerene ; William Thomson ( Baron Kelvin ) who drew important conclusions in the field of thermodynamics and invented the Kelvin scale of absolute zero ; botanist Robert Brown discovered the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid ( Brownian motion ); and the creator of Bell's Theorem, John Stewart Bell.

The association awards two yearly medals: the Schrödinger Medal to " the outstanding computational chemist in the world who has not previously received this award ", and the Dirac Medal to " the outstanding computational chemist in the world under the age of 40 ".

In 1933 Paul Dirac, who attended the Bishop Road Primary School just a few hundred metres from where he lived on Monk Road, won the prize after his contributions to quantum mechanics.

These simple experiments started after the researchers watched colleagues who were looking for quantum Hall effect and Dirac fermions in bulk graphite.

Although named after Fermi, most of the work leading to the Golden Rule was done by Dirac who formulated an almost identical equation, including the three components of a constant, the matrix element of the perturbation and an energy difference.

In addition to the examples of Weyl and Eddington, Dirac was influenced also by the primeval-atom hypothesis of Georges Lemaitre, who lectured on the topic in Cambridge in 1933.

Gabriel Andrew Dirac ( Budapest, March 13, 1925 – Arlesheim, July 20, 1984 ) was a mathematician who mainly worked in graph theory.

* Yoshio Nishina, leading atomic physicist who worked with Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg and Dirac

The Car – Parrinello method is a type of ab initio ( first principles ) molecular dynamics, usually employing periodic boundary conditions, planewave basis sets, and density functional theory, proposed by Roberto Car and Michele Parrinello in 1985, who were subsequently awarded the Dirac Medal by ICTP in 2009.

For these developments, it was essential that the solution of the Dirac equation for the hydrogen atom could be worked out exactly, such that any experimentally observed deviation had to be taken seriously as a signal of failure of the theory.

By 1930, quantum mechanics had been further unified and formalized by the work of Paul Dirac and John von Neumann, with a greater emphasis placed on measurement in quantum mechanics, the statistical nature of our knowledge of reality, and philosophical speculation about the role of the observer.

Up until that time, attempts to make the old quantum theory of the atom compatible with the theory of relativity, attempts based on discretizing the angular momentum stored in the electron's possibly non-circular orbit of the atomic nucleus, had failed-and the new quantum mechanics of Heisenberg, Pauli, Jordan, Schrödinger, and Dirac himself had not developed sufficiently to treat this problem.

The algebraic structure represented by the Dirac matrices had been created some 50 years earlier by the English mathematician W. K. Clifford.

Pauli had introduced the 2 × 2 sigma matrices as pure phenomenology — Dirac now had a theoretical argument that implied that spin was somehow the consequence of the marriage of quantum mechanics to relativity.

As noted above, Dirac initially thought that the hole might be the proton, but Hermann Weyl pointed out that the hole should behave as if it had the same mass as an electron, whereas the proton is over 1800 times heavier.

Heisenberg had been studying the papers of Paul Dirac and Jordan.

That theory was based in turn on the theory of projection-valued measures for self-adjoint operators which had been recently developed ( by von Neumann and independently by Marshall Stone ) and the Hilbert space formulation of quantum mechanics ( attributed by von Neumann to Paul Dirac ).

The origins of the Dirac sea lie in the energy spectrum of the Dirac equation, an extension of the Schrödinger equation that is consistent with special relativity, that Dirac had formulated in 1928.

Hirzebruch and Borel had proved the integrality of the  genus of a spin manifold, and Atiyah suggested that this integrality could be explained if it were the index of the Dirac operator ( which was rediscovered by Atiyah and Singer in 1961 ).

It was at that time that it was announced Heisenberg had won the Prize for 1932 “ for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen ” and Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac shared the 1933 Prize " for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory ".

The key advance over Everett's Relative State Interpretation is to regard the conjugate state vector of the Dirac formalism as ontologically real, incorporating a part of the formalism that, prior to TIQM, had been interpretationally neglected.

Dirac had noted that the gravitational constant G is very roughly equal to the inverse age of the universe ( in certain ' natural ' units ), and had concluded that G must vary to maintain this equality.

The Dirac equation for the relativistic quantum electron caused Eddington to rethink his previous conviction that fundamental physical theory had to be based on tensors.

Pauli had introduced the 2 × 2 sigma matrices as pure phenomenology — Dirac now had a theoretical argument that implied that spin was somehow the consequence of incorporating relativity into quantum mechanics.

The anti-electron, or positron had been first observed in the early 1930s, and theoretically understood as a consequence of the Dirac equation at about the same time.

Paul Dirac observed in 1931 that, because electricity and magnetism show a certain symmetry, just as quantum theory predicts that individual positive or negative electric charges can be observed without the opposing charge, isolated South or North magnetic poles should be observable.

The operator on the left represents the particle energy reduced by its rest energy, which is just the classical energy, so we recover Pauli's theory if we identify his 2-spinor with the top components of the Dirac spinor in the non-relativistic approximation.

The entire Dirac spinor represents an irreducible whole, and the components we have just neglected to arrive at the Pauli theory will bring in new phenomena in the relativistic regime-antimatter and the idea of creation and annihilation of particles.

The high-pass filter with lower band edge B < sub > H </ sub > is just a transparent filter minus a sinc filter, which makes it clear that the Dirac delta function is the limit of a narrow-in-time sinc filter:

* If p is 1, we just have the ordinary cases of Bose – Einstein and Fermi – Dirac statistics respectively.

The operator on the left represents the particle energy reduced by its rest energy, which is just the classical energy, so we recover Pauli's theory if we identify his 2-spinor with the top components of the Dirac spinor in the non-relativistic approximation.

The entire Dirac spinor represents an irreducible whole, and the components we have just neglected to arrive at the Pauli theory will bring in new phenomena in the relativistic regime-antimatter and the idea of creation and annihilation of particles.

In a general case ( if a certain linear function of electromagnetic field does not vanish identically ), three out of four components of the spinor function in the Dirac equation can be algebraically eliminated, yielding an equivalent fourth-order partial differential equation for just one component.