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Domitian's tendency towards micromanagement was nowhere more evident than in his financial policy.
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Domitian's and towards
The Senatorial officers may have disapproved of Domitian's military strategies, such as his decision to fortify the German frontier rather than attack, as well as his recent retreat from Britain, and finally the disgraceful policy of appeasement towards Decebalus.
It is probable that Domitian's projects were more ambitious than the building of the small " Forum of Nerva ", and probably under his reign they started to remove the small saddle that united the Capitoline Hill to the Quirinal Hill, thus blocking the Fora towards Campus Martius, near to modern Piazza Venezia.
Domitian's and was
The site of the oblong piazza is Domitian's ancient stadium, which was probably used for horse and chariot races.
According to early tradition, this book was composed near the end of Domitian's reign, around the year 95 AD.
Domitian's reign came to an end in 96 when he was assassinated by court officials.
After his death, Domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the Roman Senate, while senatorial authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius published histories propagating the view of Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant.
Domitian's authority was merely nominal, however, foreshadowing what was to be his role for at least ten more years.
In 80, Domitia and Domitian's only attested son was born.
Little is known of Domitia's activities as Empress, or how much influence she wielded in Domitian's government, but it seems her role was limited.
Prior to becoming Emperor, Domitian's role in the Flavian government was largely ceremonial.
The reality of Domitian's autocracy was further highlighted by the fact that, more than any emperor since Tiberius, he spent significant periods of time away from the capital.
Domitian's rigorous taxation policy ensured that this standard was sustained for the following eleven years.
At the time of Domitian's accession the city was still suffering from the damage caused by the Great Fire of 64, the civil war of 69 and the fire in 79.
Much more than a renovation project however, Domitian's building program was intended to be the crowning achievement of an Empire-wide cultural renaissance.
Among the most important new structures were an odeon, a stadium, and an expansive palace on the Palatine Hill known as the Flavian Palace which was designed by Domitian's master architect Rabirius.
In order to appease the people of Rome an estimated 135 million sestertii was spent on donatives, or congiaria, throughout Domitian's reign.
Domitian's administration of the Roman army was characterized by the same fastidious involvement he exhibited in other branches of the government.
Domitian's supposed victory was much scorned by ancient authors, who described the campaign as " uncalled for ", and a " mock triumph ".
The reverse depicts the Roman goddess Minerva, who was Domitian's favoured deity, and appeared on numerous coin types throughout his reign.
A highly detailed account of the plot and the assassination is provided by Suetonius, who alleges that Domitian's chamberlain Parthenius was the chief instigator behind the conspiracy, citing the recent execution of Domitian's secretary Epaphroditus as the primary motive.
The murder itself was carried out by a freedman of Parthenius named Maximus, and a steward of Domitian's niece Flavia Domitilla, named Stephanus.
Nerva was old and childless, and had spent much of his career out of the public light, prompting both ancient and modern authors to speculate on his involvement in Domitian's assassination.
According to Suetonius, the people of Rome met the news of Domitian's death with indifference, but the army was much grieved, calling for his deification immediately after the assassination, and in several provinces rioting.
He was forced to submit to their demands, agreeing to hand over those responsible for Domitian's death and even giving a speech thanking the rebellious Praetorians.
Domitian's and more
Where his political and military career had ended in disappointment, Domitian's private affairs were more successful in 70.
Jones estimates Domitian's annual income at more than 1, 200 million sestertii, of which over one-third would presumably have been spent maintaining the Roman army.
The army command may have resented Domitian's decision to retreat, but to him the Caledonian territories never represented anything more than a loss to the Roman treasury.
Trajan continued Domitian's policy and added two more units to the auxiliary forces of Upper Moesia, and then he used the build up of troops for his Dacian wars.
A reinterpretation of the ground plan and finds assemblage by Dr Miles Russell of Bournemouth University has suggested that, given the extremely close parallels with Domitian's imperial palace in Rome, its construction may more plausibly date to after AD 92.
During Domitian's reign he was active as a delator ( informer ), while according to Pliny the Younger ( Letters, 4. 22. 4 ) his appearance as a guest at the table of the emperor Nerva enraged the more respectable guests mentioned in Juvenal, Satire 4, line 127:
Domitian's and financial
In 1930, Ronald Syme argued a complete reassessment of Domitian's financial policy, which had until then been largely viewed as a disaster, opening his paper with the following introduction:
Domitian's and policy
Construction projects such as these constituted only the most visible part of Domitian's religious policy, which also concerned itself with the fulfilment of religious law and public morals.
Domitian's foreign policy was realistic, rejecting expansionist warfare and negotiating peace at a time when Roman military tradition dictated aggressive conquest.
The defection of these peoples in the year 89 during Domitian's war against the Dacians modified the whole frontier policy of the Empire.
Domitian's and .
While some recent scholars have questioned the existence of a large-scale Domitian persecution, others believe that Domitian's insistence on being treated as a god may have been a source of friction between the Church and Rome.
Domitian's youth and early career were largely spent in the shadow of his brother Titus, who gained military renown during the First Jewish-Roman War.
Domitian's government exhibited totalitarian characteristics ; he saw himself as the new Augustus, an enlightened despot destined to guide the Roman Empire into a new era of brilliance.
Domitian's great-grandfather, Titus Flavius Petro, had served as a centurion under Pompey during Caesar's civil war.
Nevertheless, Petro managed to improve his status by marrying the extremely wealthy Tertulla, whose fortune guaranteed the upwards mobility of Petro's son Titus Flavius Sabinus I, Domitian's grandfather.
The political career of Vespasian included the offices of quaestor, aedile and praetor, and culminated with a consulship in 51, the year of Domitian's birth.
By 6, Domitian's mother and sister had long died, while his father and brother were continuously active in the Roman military, commanding armies in Germania and Judaea.
In his biography in the Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Suetonius attests to Domitian's ability to quote the important poets and writers such as Homer or Virgil on appropriate occasions, and describes him as a learned and educated adolescent, with elegant conversation.
A detailed description of Domitian's appearance and character is provided by Suetonius, who devotes a substantial part of his biography to his personality.
With regard to Domitian's personality, however, the account of Suetonius alternates sharply between portraying Domitian as the emperor-tyrant, a man both physically and intellectually lazy, and the intelligent, refined personality drawn elsewhere.
Brian Jones concludes in The Emperor Domitian that assessing the true nature of Domitian's personality is inherently complicated by the bias of the surviving sources.
The ancient historian Tacitus describes Domitian's first speech in the Senate as brief and measured, at the same time noting his ability to elude awkward questions.
Equally curtailed by Mucianus were Domitian's military ambitions.
By 84, Domitia had returned to the palace, where she lived for the remainder of Domitian's reign without incident.
The following day, 14 September, the Senate confirmed Domitian's powers, granting tribunician power, the office of Pontifex Maximus, and the titles of Augustus, and Pater Patriae.
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