The term " wild type " allele is sometimes used to describe an allele that is thought to contribute to the typical phenotypic character as seen in " wild " populations of organisms, such as fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ).

Bistability has also been described in the embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster ( the fruit fly ).

Deviations from this structure include Drosophila melanogaster embryos, with nine doublets, and Caenorhabditis elegans sperm cells and early embryos, with nine singlets ;.

** Fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster ( Drosophila embryogenesis )

The first major challenge to conventional eugenics based upon genetic inheritance was made in 1915 by Thomas Hunt Morgan, who demonstrated the event of genetic mutation occurring outside of inheritance involving the discovery of the hatching of a fruit fly with white eyes from a family and ancestry of the red-eyed Drosophila melanogaster species of fruit fly.

In biological research, transgenic fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ) are model organisms used to study the effects of genetic changes on development.

The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been the subject of much research

Two of the most commonly studied model organisms are invertebrates: the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

In 1911 the American geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan observed crossover in Drosophila melanogaster meiosis and provided the first genetic evidence that genes are transmitted on chromosomes.

Drosophila melanogaster, one of the most famous subjects for experiments

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is studied, again, because it is easy to grow for an animal, has various visible congenital traits and has a polytene ( giant ) chromosome in its salivary glands that can be examined under a light microscope.

Studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, a common subject in biological experiments, has around 100, 000 neurons and exhibits many complex behaviors.

In this respect, potato tuber tissue is similar to Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans and Escherichia coli: they are all " standard " research organisms.

True ( 2003 ) has reviewed this and suggests work based on candidate genes from other insects such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Drosophila melanogaster produces sperm that can be up to 1. 8 mm in size.

Salt bred fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, using a maze with three different choices of habitat such as light / dark and wet / dry.

* One family of TEs in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster are called P elements.

Following the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance in 1900, Morgan's research moved to the study of mutation in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

* vasa gene, a gene that is essential for germ cell development and was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster

The concept of wild type is useful in some experimental organisms such as fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster, in which the standard phenotypes for features such as eye color or shape and wing form are known to be altered by particular gene mutations that produce distinctive phenotypes, such as " apricot " " bar eyes " or " vestigial wings ".

Yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been a very important tool ( notably in early pre-molecular genetics ).

* Ross J, Jiang H, Kanost MR, Wang Y. Serine proteases and their homologs in the Drosophila melanogaster genome: an initial analysis of sequence conservation and phylogenetic relationships.

The homeobox genes were first found in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and have subsequently been identified in many other species, from insects to reptiles and mammals.

Fruit flies ( Drosophila ) have been extensively studied to gain insight into the role of genes in brain development.

* Fruit flies ( Drosophila ), because of the large array of techniques available for studying their genetics, have been a natural subject for studying the role of genes in brain development.

In spite of the large evolutionary distance between insects and mammals, many aspects of Drosophila neurogenetics have turned out to be relevant to humans.

In mammals, eighteen α and eight β subunits have been characterized, whereas the Drosophila genome encodes only five α and two β subunits, and Caenorhabditis nematodes possess genes for two α subunits and one β.

Studies in Drosophila germarium have identified the signals decapentaplegic and adherens junctions that prevent germarium stem cells from differentiating.

Studies of this nature have been done particularly on S. kowalevskii, and like chordates S. kowalevskii has dorsalizing bmp-like factors such as bmp 2 / 4 which is homologous to Drosophila ’ s decapentaplegic dpp.

A number of genetic components of aging have been identified using model organisms, ranging from the simple budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to worms such as Caenorhabditis elegans and fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ).

All of the native Drosophila and Scaptomyza species in Hawaii have apparently descended from a single ancestral species that colonized the islands, probably 20 million years ago.

Because of the large array of tools available for studying Drosophila genetics, they have been a natural subject for studying the role of genes in the nervous system.

In spite of the large evolutionary distance between insects and mammals, many basic aspects of Drosophila neurogenetics have turned out to be relevant to humans.

With the advent of genomic sequences for model systems such as Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana and C. elegans many single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) have now been identified that can be used as traits for mapping.

Three biochemically distinct types of Allatostatin have been described: A, B and C. Although originally identified in different insects, all three types are found in the fruitfly, Drosophila.

Genetic studies of the fruit fly Drosophila have revealed several genes that are required for the formation of multinucleated muscle cells by fusion of myoblasts.

Drosophila display a holometabolous method of development, meaning that they have three distinct stages of their post-embryonic life cycle, each with a radically different body plan: larva, pupa and finally, adult.

FRT sites have been inserted transgenically near the centromere of each chromosome arm of Drosophila melanogaster.

* Drosophila that have mutations in enzymes relating to reactive oxygen species metabolism have also been shown to have dramatically reduced life-spans, increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and ionizing radiation, partial female and complete male sterility, and a general " enfeebled " phenotype characterized by deformed wings and abdomen.

In vitro experiments show that mutations that reduce insulin / IGF-1 signaling have been shown to decelerate the degenerative aging process and extend lifespan in a wide range of organisms, including Drosophila melanogaster, mice, and possibly humans.

Though neuroethological subjects tend not to be traditional neurobiological model systems ( i. e. Drosophila, C. elegans, or Danio rerio ), neuroethological approaches emphasizing comparative methods have uncovered many concepts central to neuroscience as a whole, such as lateral inhibition, coincidence detection, and sensory maps.

Senecionine and senkirkine, present in coltsfoot, have the highest mutagenetic activity of any pyrrolozidine alkaloid, tested using Drosophila melanogaster to produce a comparative genotoxicity test.

Not all organisms have the same number of lamin encoding genes ; Drosophila melanogaster for example has only 2 genes, whereas Caenorhabditis elegans has only one.

In Drosophila, males release seminal fluids that contain additional toxins like pheromones and modified enzymes that are secreted by their accessory glands intended to destroy the sperm that have already made their way into the female's reproductive tract from a recent copulation.