During the period when the papacy resided in Avignon, France ( 1309 – 1377 ), the feudal lords ' power increased due to the absence of the Pope from Rome.

During this time the Antipopes Clement VII and Benedict XIII continued to hold court as pope in Avignon under the protection of the French monarchy.

During the Great Schism ( 1378 – 1415 ) the antipopes Clement VII and Benedict XIII returned to reside at Avignon.

During its time in Avignon the Papacy adopted many features of the Royal court: the life-style of its cardinals was more reminiscent of princes than clerics ; more and more French cardinals, often relatives of the ruling pope, took key positions ; and the proximity of French troops was a constant reminder of where secular power lay, with the memory of Boniface VIII still fresh.

Antichristus ( 1521 ) by Lucas Cranach the Elder is a woodcut of the Papal States at war during the Renaissance. During this period the city of Avignon itself was added to the Papal States ; it remained a papal possession even after the popes returned to Rome, being seized and incorporated into the by then unitary French state only during the French Revolution.

During the Avignon papacy, the pope, being in France, could not be enthroned in his cathedral in Rome.

During the Avignon papacy, the Lateran Palace and the basilica began to decline.

During the absence of the papal court in Avignon, it was prey to the struggles between Guelphs and Ghibellines, until in 1354 Cardinal Albornoz brought it once more under the authority of the Papal States.

" During the span of the Avignon Papacy all the popes and most Cardinals and curial officials were French.

During the Middle Ages, Pope John XXII, headquartered at Avignon, sent a group of five missionaries to the Mongol Emperor at Khanbalik, modern Beijing in China, under the Dominican Fray Giordano or Jordanus.

During the residency of the popes in Avignon in the thirteenth century, marked changes took place in the institution.

During the Avignon Papacy the Borgo, together with Rome, suffered decay.

During his reign he was overshadowed by his mother, but he had good relations with the Papacy and, for a time, the Holy Roman Emperor.

** During the English Reformation, many important English and Scottish figures, such as Thomas More, Mary, Queen of Scots and Edmund Campion, were tried and executed for their alleged double loyalty to the Papacy and infidelity to the Crown.

** During John F. Kennedy's campaign for and brief tenure as U. S. President, some opponents questioned whether a Roman Catholic President of the United States had a divided loyalty with respect to the Papacy and Vatican City.

During the reign of Afonso II, when the king continued to provoke the ire of the Papacy, Portuguese knights attacked the Galician tenancy of his half-brother Martin Sanches ( who lived in the kingdom of Alfonso IX of León ), possibly since the Bishop of Braga had estates in that region.

During World War 2, about 7.5 million persons were enrolled in courses organized under two special programs administered by state and local school authorities: ( 1 ) Vocational Education for National Defense, and ( 2 ) War Production Training.

During the Cold War, the ACLU headquarters was dominated by anti-communists, but many local affiliates defended members of the Communist Party.

During the early 20th century, Alicante was a minor capital that enjoyed the benefit of Spain's neutrality during World War I, and that provided new opportunities for the local industry and agriculture.

During his brief time in Málaga, he was able to amass local support quickly.

During one such incident, at Dartmouth, several members of Baralongs crew were arrested after destroying a local saloon.

During this period, Colombia ’ s telecommunications industry lost US $ 2 billion despite a profit of US $ 1 billion in local service.

During the late 19th century European and American companies introduced railways to carry to the ports the local production of raw materials intended for exports and also imports from Europe.

During the eight months of singing lessons, Day had her first professional jobs as a vocalist in the WLW radio program, Carlin's Carnival and in a local restaurant, the Charlie Yee's Shanghai Inn.

During the early 1990s, the Compact Disc surpassed the gramophone record in popularity, but gramophone records continued to be made ( although in very limited quantities ) into the 21st century — particularly for club DJs and for local acts recording on small regional labels.

During the Middle Ages, local associations known as futuwwa clubs developed across the Islamic lands.

During World War II the local government declared its allegiance to the Vichy government, despite widespread support for Charles de Gaulle.

During this tour, he was frequently accosted, and at a lecture in Pendleton, Indiana, was chased and beaten by an angry mob before being rescued by a local Quaker family, the Hardys.

During this period, businessman and politician Henry Norris was the club chairman and curiously he had an indirect role in the foundation of Fulham's local rivals Chelsea F. C ..

During the war of 1918 there were two kinds of Red and White political violence: ( i ) a calculated part of the general warfare, and ( ii ) more local, personal murders and corresponding acts of revenge.

During his time in Malaya, Gardner became increasingly interested in local customs, particularly those involved in folk magic and weapons.

During the course of its history, Hunan cuisine assimilated a variety of local forms, eventually evolving into its own style.

During his campaigns in the early 12th century, Bolesław III Wrymouth reacquired Pomerania for Poland, and made the local " Griffin " dynasty his vassals.

The beginning of Polish parish in modern times is connected to him In XIX century Polish population of the town consisted among others of Polish soldiers in Prussian service stationed in the city, salt refining specialists from Ciechocinek, political prisoners in local Prussian and permanent Polish inhabitants In the second half of XIX century the Polish community further increased with arrival of Polish workers During the period 1875-1914 an active Polish community grew and through its funds a Catholic school and the Church of Saint Marcin where masses in Polish were held ( initially throughout the season, after about 1890 all the year ), were established.

During Kristallnacht, the Jewish synagogue and homes were destroyed, and in 1938 the local Jewish cemetery was vandalised, while a cemetery shrine was turned to stable by German soldiers.

During this decade, MK began contesting Westminster parliamentary seats as well as local government ones.

During his time on NBC, Albert continued as lead play-by-play man for the New York Knicks on local MSG Network telecasts and began calling national games for TNT in 1999 as well.

During the same period, companies found that servers based on microcomputer designs could be deployed at a fraction of the acquisition price and offer local users much greater control over their own systems given the IT policies and practices at that time.

During the period of German Empire the Germanisation policies in Masuria became more effective ; children using Polish in playgrounds and classrooms were widely punished by corporal punishment, authorities tried to appoint Protestant pastors who would use German instead of Polish which resulted in protests of local population.

During the Polish-Soviet War Działdowo was briefly occupied by the Red Army which was cheered as a liberator by the local German populace, which hoisted the German flag, but it was soon recovered by the Polish Army.

During the reign of Ivan the Terrible ( 1547-1584 A. D .), Matvei Simyonich Dalmatov, the first martyr of the Russian Molokan faith, split with the Nestorian Church and began to evangelize his family, his master, and local village members in and around the city of Tambov.