Bit rot can also be used to describe the phenomenon of data stored in EPROMs and flash memory gradually decaying over the duration of many years, or in the decay of data stored on CD or DVD discs or other types of consumer storage.

The software is stored in the microcontroller or other chips on the PCB, typically in EPROMs or flash memory so the CPU can be re-programmed by uploading updated code or replacing chips.

( via their ARA / ARA2 / ASR products ) allowed ' Sideways ROM ' capability, that allowed the standard Acorn ROM space to be programmatically mapped out for alternative EPROMs, either physically via ZIF Sockets, or ' virtually ' via ROM-images loaded into ( Battery-backed ) RAM in the same ROM memory space.

* Large cheap arrays of silicon logic gates in the form of Read-only memory and EPROMs allowed utility programs and self-booting kernels to be stored within microcomputers.

The processor, memory, floppy controller, PIA, ACIA and EPROMs were interconnected with standard TTL devices.

Also, PROMs ( programmable ROMs ), EPROMs ( ultraviolet-erasable PROMs ) and EEPROMs ( electrically erasable PROMs ) are available that can be programmed using a standard PROM programmer without requiring specialised hardware or software.

Although not supported by Commodore, it is known that the 1541-II firmware ( but not that of the 1541-c ) can also be used in an original 1541 drive by using EPROMs, which will fix the bug for that drive as well.

For EPROMs, which can be erased by UV light, some DIPs, generally ceramic CERDIPs, were manufactured with a circular window of clear quartz in the center of the top of the package, over the chip die.

EPROMs are easily recognizable by the transparent fused quartz window in the top of the package, through which the silicon chip is visible, and which permits exposure to UV light during erasing.

EPROMs are recognizable by the transparent fused quartz window which sits on top of the package, through which the silicon chip is visible, and which permits exposure to UV light during erasing.

Owners can move EPROMs from one type to the other, and the game would still run.

For programmable devices like EPROMs and GALs, DIPs remained popular for many years due to their easy handling with external programming circuitry ( i. e., the DIP devices could be simply plugged into a socket on the programming device.

The light produced by germicidal lamps is also used to erase EPROMs ; the ultraviolet photons are sufficiently energetic to allow the electrons trapped on the transistors ' floating gates to tunnel through the gate insulation, eventually removing the stored charge that represents binary ones and zeroes.

Historically it used to be possible to buy EPROMs with these register bits on the same chip.

EPROMs can't be erased electrically, and are programmed via hot carrier injection onto the floating gate.

Common EPROMs, for example the 2716, are still sometimes used in this way by hobby circuit designers, who often have some lying around.

Generally the EPROMs must be removed from equipment to be erased, since it's not usually practical to build in a UV lamp to erase parts in-circuit.

OTP versions of both EPROMs and EPROM-based microcontrollers are manufactured.

Old PC BIOS chips were often EPROMs, and the erasing window was often covered with an adhesive label containing the BIOS publisher's name, the BIOS revision, and a copyright notice.

EPROMs had a limited but large number of erase cycles ; the silicon dioxide around the gates would accumulate damage from each cycle, making the chip unreliable after several thousand cycles.

EPROMs come in several sizes both in physical packaging as well and storage capacity.

In addition to an 8080 / 8085 assembler, Intel produced a number of compilers including PL / M-80 and Pascal languages, and a set of tools for linking and statically locating programs to enable them to be burnt into EPROMs and used in embedded systems.

Originally Atmel Corporation was a fabless semiconductor company designing EPROMs and PLDs that were manufactured by Sanyo.

* 6 ROM / EPROM sockets, including ability to program EPROMs in place.

It is unclear how much of a problem this was, and Insite also issued EPROMs where this " feature " was not present.

EPROMs have a quartz window that allows them to be erased with ultraviolet light, but the whole device is cleared at one time.

Examples of non-volatile memory are flash memory ( sometimes used as secondary, sometimes primary computer memory ) and ROM / PROM / EPROM / EEPROM memory ( used for firmware such as boot programs ).

Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory ( see ROM ), flash memory, most types of magnetic computer storage devices ( e. g. hard disks, floppy discs and magnetic tape ), optical discs, and early computer storage methods such as paper tape and punched cards.

The widespread adoption of digital video has also drastically reduced the bandwidth needed for a high-definition video signal ( with HDV and AVCHD, as well as several commercial variants such as DVCPRO-HD, all using less bandwidth than a standard definition analog signal ) and tapeless camcorders based on flash memory and often a variant of MPEG-4.

* MPEG-4 good for online distribution of large videos and video recorded to flash memory

* Flash Translation Layer, a software layer used in computing to support normal file systems with flash memory

** Garbage collection ( SSD ), in flash memory

There are three general manifestations of such trauma-the typical knock out which results in a sustained loss of consciousness ( comparable to general anesthesia-where the recipient emerges and has lost memory of the event ), a " flash " knock out where a very transient ( less than three seconds ) loss of consciousness occurs ( where the recipient often maintains awareness and memory of the combat ), and lastly a " stunning " where consciousness is maintained despite extremely distorted proprioception, visual fields, and auditory processing.

However, machines also exist which have some ( or all ) microcode stored in SRAM or flash memory.

MPEG-2 Systems also defines the MPEG program stream, a container format designed for file-based media such as hard disk drives, optical discs and flash memory.

The standard bootloader for the HC11 family is called BUFFALO, " Bit User Fast Friendly Aid to Logical Operation " ( a BUFFALO prompt seen on the serial port at bootup is a sign that a board's flash memory has been erased ).

Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM.

Depending on the device, the program memory may be permanent, read-only memory that can only be programmed at the factory, or program memory may be field-alterable flash or erasable read-only memory.

In addition to the SRAM, some microcontrollers also have internal EEPROM for data storage ; and even ones that do not have any ( or not enough ) are often connected to external serial EEPROM chip ( such as the BASIC Stamp ) or external serial flash memory chip.

A few recent microcontrollers beginning in 2003 have " self-programmable " flash memory.

The necessary keys are usually too large to memorize ( but see proposal Passmaze ) and must be stored on a local computer, security token or portable memory device, such as a USB flash drive or even floppy disk.

The program is stored in the PLC either in battery-backed-up RAM or some other non-volatile flash memory.