Leo helped restore King Eardwulf of Northumbria and settled various matters of dispute between the Archbishops of York and Canterbury.

Several campaigns of Coenwulf's against the Welsh are recorded, but only one conflict with Northumbria, in 801, though it is likely that Coenwulf continued to support the opponents of the Northumbrian king Eardwulf.

Eardwulf had Alhmund killed in 800 ; Alhmund was the son of King Alhred of Northumbria, who had reigned from 765 to 774.

Coenwulf gave hospitality to Eardwulf's enemies, who had been exiled from Northumbria, and consequently Eardwulf invaded Mercia in 801.

In England, the Anglo-Saxon king Eardwulf of Northumbria was " consecrated and enthroned " in 796, and Æthelstan was crowned and anointed in 925.

However Frankish sources claim that, after being expelled from England, Eardwulf was received by Charlemagne and then the pope, and that their envoys escorted him back to Northumbria and secured his restoration to power.

It had developed from a small fortified homestead constructed by an Anglo-Saxon named Eardwulf in the area of Bromford.

Coenwulf may also have been behind the coup in 806 that led to Eardwulf losing his throne, and it is likely that he continued to give support to Eardwulf's enemies after Eardwulf's return in 808.

The Northumbrian king, Æthelred, was assassinated in April 796, and less than a month later his successor, Osbald, was deposed in favour of Eardwulf.

* King Eardwulf is driven out of North-East England and succeeded by Alfwold II, but Eardwulf is restored following Alfwold ’ s death.

Prior to 762 Kent was ruled by Æthelberht II and Eadberht I ; Eadberht's son Eardwulf is also recorded as a king.

Though referred to as Hardintone in the Domesday Book, it is widely accepted that the name comes from a reference to a fortified homestead established by Eardwulf in Anglo Saxon times, with ' ton ' or ' tun ' being an Anglo-Saxon suffix for a settlement of that period.

Æthelbert seems to have outlived both of his brothers and later reigned jointly with his nephew Eardwulf.

Æthelberht died in 762, and Eadberht and Eardwulf are last mentioned in that same year.

As king he issued further charters, confirmed a charter of his brother Eadberht I, and witnessed a charter of his nephew Eardwulf.

Eanred was the son of King Eardwulf, who was deposed by an otherwise unknown Ælfwald in 806.

He left a son, Eardwulf, who succeeded as king jointly with his uncle.

Kenneth's son Constantine died in 876, probably killed fighting against a Viking army which had come north from Northumbria in 874.

The northern part of Northumbria, and perhaps the whole kingdom, had probably been ruled by Ealdred son of Eadulf since 913.

Alfred the Great's victory at Edington in 878 stemmed the Danish attack ; however, by then Northumbria had devolved into Bernicia and a Viking kingdom, Mercia had been split down the middle, and East Anglia ceased to exist as an Anglo-Saxon polity.

In the same period Angles had conquered the previously Brythonic territory south of the Clyde and Forth, initially creating the Anglo Saxon kingdom of Bernicia, later becoming a part of the Kingdom of Northumbria.

The monastery of Lindisfarne was founded by Irish monk Saint Aidan, who had been sent from Iona off the west coast of Scotland to Northumbria at the request of King Oswald ca.

The three rulers had their claims to the English crown ( Harald probably primarily on the overlord-ship of Northumbria ) and it was this that motivated the battles rather than the lure of plunder.

Malcolm III fought a succession of wars against the Kingdom of England, which may have had as their goal the conquest of the English earldom of Northumbria.

An English invasion in 1054, with Siward, Earl of Northumbria, in command, had as its goal the installation of one " Máel Coluim, son of the King of the Cumbrians ".

While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria, whose lands he had devastated, near Alnwick on 13 November 1093.

It also had ties to churches in Northumbria, as seen in the reign of Nechtan mac Der Ilei.

Following the victory at Heavenfield, Oswald reunited Northumbria and re-established the Bernician supremacy which had been interrupted by Edwin.

Although Edwin had previously converted to Christianity in 627, it was Oswald who did the most to spread the religion in Northumbria.

Northumbria had established a bishopric among the Southern Picts at Abercorn in 681, under Bishop Trumwine.

Cynegils's godfather was King Oswald of Northumbria and his conversion may have been connected with an alliance against King Penda of Mercia, who had previously attacked Wessex.

The Danish conquests had destroyed the kingdoms of Northumbria and East Anglia and divided Mercia in half, with the Danes settling in the north-east while the south-west was left to the English king Ceolwulf, allegedly a Danish puppet.

Much dispute had arisen between the practices of the Celtic church in Northumbria and the beliefs of the Roman church.

He realised he needed to control Northumbria, which had remained virtually independent of the Kings of England, to protect his kingdom from Scottish invasion.

Edwin, who had become ruler not only of the newly unified Northumbria, but bretwalda, or high king, over the southern kingdoms, was defeated and killed by Penda and his ally Cadwallon of Gwynedd in 633.

At this point, both Harold's remaining brothers in England were earls in their own right, Harold was himself king and in control of Wessex, and he had married the sister of Earl Edwin of Mercia and Morcar, Earl of Northumbria ( who had succeeded his brother Tostig ).

If the Vikings had a great impact on Pictland and in Ireland, in Dál Riata, as in Northumbria, they appear to have entirely replaced the existing kingdom with a new entity.

Cuthbert's cult had appealed to the converted Danes who now made up much of the population of Northumbria, and was also adopted by the Normans when they took over England.

In the same year as Æthelred's succession as king, a great Viking army arrived in England, and within five years they had destroyed two of the principal English kingdoms, Northumbria and East Anglia.

When a major rebellion broke out in Northumbria at the beginning of 1069, Edgar returned to England with other rebels who had fled to Scotland, to become the leader, or at least the figurehead, of the revolt.

Following Cadwallon's death in battle the following year, his successor Cadafael ap Cynfeddw also allied himself with Penda against Northumbria but thereafter Gwynedd, like the other Welsh kingdoms, was mainly engaged in defensive warfare against the growing power of Mercia.

Under Edward the Confessor earldoms like Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria — names that represented earlier independent kingdoms — were much larger than any shire.

Cumbria was, like the earldoms of Northumbria and Huntingdon, and later Chester, a fief of the English crown.

Bede, describing Peada as " an excellent youth, and most worthy of the title and person of a king ", wrote that he sought to marry Alchflaed, the daughter of King Oswiu of Northumbria ; Oswiu, however, made this conditional upon Peada's baptism and conversion to Christianity, along with the Middle Angles ( Peada was, at this time, still a pagan, like his father ).

Yorkshire folk song lacked the unique instrumental features of folk in areas like Northumbria and was chiefly distinguished by the use of dialect, particularly in the West Riding and exemplified by the song ‘ On Ilkla Moor Baht ' at ’, probably written in the later 19th century and using a Kent folk tune ( almost certainly borrowed via a Methodist hymnal ), but often seen as an unofficial Yorkshire anthem.

The classically-clothed Christianity preserved in Italy by men like Boethius and Cassiodorus was different from the vigorous Frankish Christianity documented by Gregory of Tours which was different again from the Christianity that flourished in Ireland and Northumbria in the 7th and 8th centuries.

During the 7th century these northern areas, particularly Northumbria, became important sites of learning, with monasteries acting like early schools and intellectuals such as Bede being influential.

Beyond Whitby, Anglo-Saxon England cultivated double monasteries like that of Ely, which was sounded by Queen ( and later Saint ) Etheldreda of Northumbria.