Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World, Cambridge University Press.

Early in the 17th century, groups in the region rallied to Abd al-Karim, who overthrew the ruling Tunjur group, transforming Ouaddai in an Islamic sultanate.

In his book The Early Islamic Conquests ( 1981 ), Fred Donner argues that the standard Arabian practice at the time was for the prominent men of a kinship group, or tribe, to gather after a leader's death and elect a leader from amongst themselves.

In the later Middle Ages, destructive Mongol invasions from the East, and the loss of population in the Black Death, greatly weakened the traditional centre of the Islamic world, stretching from Persia to Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire was able to conquer most Arabic-speaking areas, creating an Islamic world power again, although one that was unable to master the challenges of the Early Modern period.

Early reports estimated that $ 6 – 20 billion had been spent by the U. S. and Saudi Arabia but more recent reports state that the U. S. and Saudi Arabia provided as much as up to $ 40 billion in cash and weapons, which included over two thousand FIM-92 Stinger surface-to-air missiles, for building up Islamic groups against the Soviet Union.

Early forms of logic in Islamic philosophy were introduced in Islamic jurisprudence from the 7th century with the process of Qiyas.

Early writing on mineralogy, especially on gemstones, comes from ancient Babylonia, the ancient Greco-Roman world, ancient and medieval China, and Sanskrit texts from ancient India and the ancient Islamic World.

Early Islamic philosophy emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion, and the process of ijtihad to find truth-in effect all philosophy was " political " as it had real implications for governance.

Early Islamic texts are also found on parchment.

Early Islamic pottery followed the forms of the regions which the Muslims conquered.

* Glick, Thomas F. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages: Comparative Perspectives on Social and Cultural Formation.

The second half of the millennium is characterized as the Early Middle Ages in Europe, and marked by the Viking expansion in the west, the rise of the Byzantine Empire in the east, and by the Islamic conquests throughout the Near East, North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, culminating in the Islamic Golden Age ( 700 – 1200 AD ).

Early in the reign of Alexius I Comnenus ( ruled between 1081 and 1118 ), Myra was again overtaken by Islamic invaders, this time the Seljuk Turks.

* Watson, Andrew M. Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700 – 1100.

Early medieval gardens in Islamic Spain resembled botanic gardens of the future an example being the 11th century Huerta del Ray garden of physician and author Ibn Wafid ( 999 – 1075 CE ) in Toledo.

There are also recent signs of the reception of phenomenology ( and Heidegger's thought in particular ) within scholarly circles focused on studying the impetus of metaphysics in the history of ideas in Islam and Early Islamic philosophy ; perhaps under the indirect influence of the tradition of the French Orientalist and philosopher Henri Corbin.

It was known as Ḫarrānu in the Assyrian period ; possibly Ḫaran () in the Hebrew Bible ; or Carrhae under the Roman Empire ; Hellenopolis ( ' Greek city ') in the Early Christian period ; and Ḥarrān ( حر ّ ان ) in the Islamic period.

* Several Coptic monasteries, among which the Monastery of Apa Jeremias ( Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods )

Studies in the Late Roman, Sasanian, and Early Islamic Near East.

Early Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism the difference between essence and existence.

Quaid also won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Emmy for his portrayal of U. S. President Lyndon Johnson in LBJ: The Early Years, but he's perhaps best known for his roles in the National Lampoon's Vacation movies as well as Brokeback Mountain and Independence Day.

He was also nominated for an Emmy and won a Golden Globe for his portrayal of President Lyndon Johnson in LBJ: The Early Years.

An Early Day Motion was also tabled in Parliament by Lynne Jones, MP, praising the story team and researchers, and Julie Hesmondhalgh for her portrayal.

The book contains a description of the ascent of the Nose and the Wall of Early Morning Light ( 1970 ) as well as farcical instruction in climbing basics, ratings of prominent climbers of the period, a humorous account of rock climbing controversies and life-styles of the 1960s and 1970s, and a vivid portrayal of Harding's own rebellious and charismatic character.

As such he is considered to be prominent Early Middle Bengal poet, however the date of his poem Srikrsnakirtana is still under question, while the text remains one of the most important evidences of early portrayal of the popular story of " Lord Krishna's love for the cowherd girl Radha ".

Early medieval writers often had fuzzy and imprecise impressions of both Ptolemy and Aristotle and relied more on Pliny, but they felt ( with one exception ), little urge to assume flatness.

Early insights in the labor theory of value appear in Aristotle ´ s Politics.

* Lloyd, G. E. R., Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle.

Early attempts to formulate laws in material terms were made by ancient philosophers, including Aristotle, but suffered both from lack of definitions and lack of accurate observations ( experimenting ), and hence had various misconceptions – such as the assumption that observed effects were due to intrinsic properties of objects, e. g. " heaviness ," " lightness ," " wetness ," etc.

Early medieval writers often had fuzzy and imprecise impressions of both Ptolemy and Aristotle and relied more on Pliny, but they felt ( with one exception ), little urge to assume flatness.

Early recognised Greek compilers of existing and current herbal knowledge include Pythagoreanism, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides and Galen.

Early references to hypnagogia are to be found in the writings of Aristotle, Iamblichus, Cardano, Simon Forman and Swedenborg.

Early examples of Artes Poeticae by Aristotle and Horace have survived and many other poems bear the same name.

* Lloyd, G. E. R. Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle.

In 1988, she graduated from the School of Early Childhood Education of the Faculty of Education of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.

The Ottoman ruler Murad III ( 1574 – 1595 ) commissioned a lavish illustrated copy of the work, which has been described as " the largest single cycle of religious painting in Islamic art " and " the most complete visual portrayal of the life of the prophet Muhammad ".

Aristotle was one of the most revered Western thinkers in early Islamic theology.

The title " teacher " was first given to Aristotle by Muslim scholars, and was later used by Western philosophers ( as in the famous poem of Dante ) who were influenced by the tradition of Islamic philosophy.

Some of the earliest recorded speculations linked mind ( sometimes described as identical with soul or spirit ) to theories concerning both life after death, and cosmological and natural order, for example in the doctrines of Zoroaster, the Buddha, Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient Greek, Indian and, later, Islamic and medieval European philosophers.

Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) introduced teleological arguments into his interpretations of Aristotle from an Islamic perspective in Moorish Spain in the latter half of the 12th Century.

Sowa combines ideas from numerous disciplines and eras modern and ancient, for example, applying ideas from Aristotle, the medieval Scholastics to Alfred North Whitehead and including database schema theory, and incorporating the model of analogy of Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiyyah in his works.

Ibn Sina's theory on the formation of metals combined Jābir ibn Hayyān's sulfur-mercury theory from Islamic alchemy ( although he was a critic of alchemy ) with the mineralogical theories of Aristotle and Theophrastus.

Tabbaa explains the development and spread of muqarnas domes throughout the Islamic world beginning in the early 11th century as the visual expression of a theological idea of the universe propounded by the Ash ' arites ( a modification of the Atomism of Aristotle with Occasionalism ), which rose to prominence in Baghdad at this time.

The works of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek philosophers profoundly influenced Classical thought, the Islamic Golden Age, and the Renaissance.

Averroism is the term applied to either of two philosophical trends among scholastics in the late 13th century: ( a ) the Berber doctor and philosopher Averroës or Ibn Rushd's interpretations of Aristotle and his reconciliation of Aristotelianism with Islamic faith ; and ( b ) the application of these ideas in the Latin Christian and Jewish intellectual traditions, such as Siger of Brabant, Boetius of Dacia, and Maimonides.

Originally trained in the Neo-Kantian tradition with Ernst Cassirer and immersed in the work of the phenomenologists Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, Strauss later focused his research on the Greek texts of Plato and Aristotle, retracing their interpretation through medieval Islamic and Jewish philosophy, and encouraged application of their ideas to contemporary political theory.

Much of the medical information included in Anathomia is derived from commentaries on Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen written by Islamic scholars.

In the Islamic world, the works of Aristotle were translated into Arabic, and under philosophers such as Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes, Aristotelianism became a major part of early Islamic philosophy.

Notably, Maimonides offers a Jewish interpretation of Aristotle ( e. g., Nicomachean Ethics ), who enters into Jewish discourse through Islamic writings.

Notably, Maimonides offers a Jewish interpretation of Aristotle ( e. g., Nicomachean Ethics ), who enters into Jewish discourse through Islamic writings.

Many passages of Enneads IV-VI, now known as Plotiniana Arabica, circulated among Islamic scholars ( as Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi and Avicenna ) under the name The Theology of Aristotle or quoted as " Sayings of an old man ".

The writings had a significant effect on Islamic philosophy, due to Islamic interest in Aristotle.

Avicenna ( 980 – 1037 ) in the Islamic East and Thomas Aquinas ( 1225 – 1274 ) in the Christian West drew from Aristotle a personalistic interpretation and thereby preserved the peculiar genius of Eastern and Western culture.

( 1957 ) " Al-Farabi's Paraphrase of the Categories of Aristotle 1 " The Islamic quarterly pp. 168 – 197

Throughout the medieval Islamic world, medicine was included under the umbrella of natural philosophy, due to the influence of the Hippocratic Corpus and the ideas of Aristotle and Galen.

Nowhere is this more evident than in the Metaphysics-Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ), who was one of the greatest Islamic philosophers in the Medieval age, said that he had read the Metaphysics of Aristotle forty times, but still did not understand it.