The Pope had recognised Edward I of England's claim to overlordship of Scotland in 1305 and Bruce was excommunicated by the Pope for murdering John Comyn before the altar in Greyfriars Church in Dumfries in 1306.

The Declaration made a number of much-debated rhetorical points: that Scotland had always been independent, indeed for longer than England ; that Edward I of England had unjustly attacked Scotland and perpetrated atrocities ; that Robert the Bruce had delivered the Scottish nation from this peril ; and, most controversially, that the independence of Scotland was the prerogative of the Scottish people, rather than the King of Scots.

Principal contributors to the technology were Bruce Buchanan, Edward Shortliffe, Randall Davis, William vanMelle, Carli Scott and others at Stanford.

Meanwhile, the Scottish leader Robert Bruce began retaking all the territory conquered by Edward I.

In 1328, Edward III signed the Treaty of Northampton acknowledging Scottish independence under the rule of Robert the Bruce.

* 1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's independence.

In August 1296, Bruce and his father swore fealty to Edward I of England at Berwick-upon-Tweed, but in breach of this oath, which had been renewed at Carlisle, the younger Robert supported the Scottish revolt against King Edward in the following year.

Urgent letters were sent ordering Bruce to support Edward's commander, John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey ( to whom Bruce was related ) in the summer of 1297 ; but instead of complying, Bruce continued to support the revolt against Edward.

On 7 July, Bruce and his friends made terms with Edward by a treaty called the Capitulation of Irvine.

It was around this time that Robert the Bruce submitted to Edward, along with other nobles, even though he had been on the side of the patriots until then.

However, though recently pledged to support King Edward, it is interesting to note that Robert the Bruce sent a letter to the monks at Melrose Abbey in March 1302 which effectively weakened his usefulness to the English king.

In September 1305, Edward ordered Robert Bruce to put his castle at Kildrummy, " in the keeping of such a man as he himself will be willing to answer for ," suggesting that King Edward suspected Robert was not entirely trustworthy and may have been plotting behind his back.

Even more sign of Edward's distrust occurred when on 10 October 1305, Edward revoked his gift of Gilbert de Umfraville's lands to Bruce that he had made only six months before.

Whether the details of the agreement with Comyn are correct or not, King Edward moved to arrest Bruce while Bruce was still at the English court.

According to Barbour, Comyn betrayed his agreement with Bruce to King Edward I, and when Bruce arranged a meeting for 10 February 1306 with Comyn in the Chapel of Greyfriars Monastery in Dumfries and accused him of treachery, they came to blows.

For this reason King Edward of England wrote to the Pope and asked for his excommunication of Robert Bruce.

No records have ever been found in England stating that King Edward had any knowledge of treachery by Robert Bruce before his acts against Comyn.

Bruce, with a small following of his most faithful men, including Sir James Douglas and Gilbert Hay, Bruce's brothers Thomas, Alexander and Edward, as well as Sir Neil Campbell and the Earl of Lennox fled.

Assisting as chairmen of various committees are Mrs. Alvin Blum, Mrs. Leonard Malmud, Mrs. Edward Fernberger, Mrs. Robert Cushman.

Robert Todd Lincoln was born in 1843 and Edward Baker Lincoln ( Eddie ) in 1846.

His first generation of students included Alfred Kroeber, Robert Lowie, Edward Sapir and Ruth Benedict, who each produced richly detailed studies of indigenous North American cultures.

Sakharov saw " striking parallels " between his fate and those of J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller in the USA.

" Casuistry in Action: Robert Boyle's Confessional Interviews with Gilbert Burnet and Edward Stillingfleet.

Green, John C. Hocking, Robert Jordan, Sean A. Moore, Björn Nyberg, Andrew J. Offutt, Steve Perry, John Maddox Roberts, Harry Turtledove, and Karl Edward Wagner.

Edinburgh is also home to a flourishing group of contemporary composers such as Nigel Osborne, Peter Nelson, Lyell Cresswell, Hafliði Hallgrímsson, Edward Harper, Robert Crawford, Robert Dow and John McLeod whose music is heard regularly on BBC Radio 3 and throughout the UK.

They had two children, Lady Emily Elizabeth Bulwer-Lytton ( 1828 – 1848 ), and ( Edward ) Robert Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton ( 1831 – 1891 ) who became Governor-General and Viceroy of British India ( 1876 – 1880 ).

Chess historian Edward Winter has questioned this, stating that the earliest known sources that support this story are an article by Robert Lewis Taylor in the June 15, 1940, issue of The New Yorker and Marshall's autobiography My 50 Years of Chess ( 1942 ).

Fawkes's fellow students included John Wright and his brother Christopher ( both later involved with Fawkes in the Gunpowder plot ) and Oswald Tesimond, Edward Oldcorne and Robert Middleton, who became priests ( the latter executed in 1601 ).

* John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States, also Robert F. Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy, members of the Kennedy Family, originally from Wexford.

The M ' Naghten Rules of 1843 were not a codification or definition of insanity but rather the responses of a panel of judges to hypothetical questions posed by Parliament in the wake of Daniel M ' Naghten's acquittal for the homicide of Edward Drummond, whom he mistook for British Prime Minister Robert Peel.

In a note prefixed to the Collected Edition of his wife's poems, Robert Browning tells us that " On the early death of his father, he ( Edward Moulton ) was brought from Jamaica to England when a very young child, as ward to the late Chief Baron Lord Abinger, then Mr. Scarlett, whom he frequently accompanied in his post-chaise when on pursuit.

Characters include Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer and his wife Kitty, Edward Teller, General Leslie Groves, and Robert Wilson.

Oswald was born in New Orleans on October 18, 1939, to Marguerite Frances ( née Claverie ; New Orleans, Louisiana, July 19, 1907 – Fort Worth, Texas, January 17, 1981 ) and Robert Edward Lee Oswald, Sr. ( New Orleans, Louisiana, March 4, 1896 – New Orleans, August 19, 1939 ).

Oswald had two older siblings – brother Robert Edward Lee Oswald, Jr. and half-brother John Edward Pic.

* 1718 – Off the coast of North Carolina, British pirate Edward Teach ( best known as " Blackbeard ") is killed in battle with a boarding party led by Royal Navy Lieutenant Robert Maynard.

Edward Robert Harrison's Darkness at Night: A Riddle of the Universe ( 1987 ) is the definitive account to date of the dark night sky paradox, seen as a problem in the history of science.

* Edward Robert Harrison ( 1987 ) Darkness at Night: A Riddle of the Universe, Harvard University Press.

Other calamities throughout Jewish history are said to have taken place on Tisha B ' Av, including King Edward I's edict compelling the Jews to leave England ( 1290 ) and the Jewish expulsion from Spain in 1492.

The war began in earnest with Edward I's sack of Berwick in March 1296, followed by the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Dunbar and the abdication of John Balliol in July.

The 1290 statute of Quo warranto was only one part of a wider legislative effort, which was one of the most important contributions of Edward I's reign.

Edward I's frequent military campaigns put a great financial strain on the nation.

Reconstruction of Edward I's private chambers at the Tower of London

Edward I's body was brought south, and after a lengthy vigil he was buried in Westminster Abbey on 27 October.

Bishop William Stubbs, in his Constitutional History ( 1873 – 78 ), emphasised Edward I's contribution to the English constitution.

In 1282 the English-style county of Caernarfonshire was established, composed of Caernarfon ( the new county town ) and its hinterland ; and in 1284 Caernarfon was made a borough and market town, and the seat of Edward I's government in North Wales.

On the accession of Harold Godwinson after the death of Edward the Confessor, Hardraada invaded Northumbria with the support of Harold's brother Tostig Godwinson, and was defeated at the Battle of Stamford Bridge three weeks before William I's victory at the Battle of Hastings.

de Valence was half-brother to Henry III and Edward I's uncle.

After Bruce's death in 1329, Edward III of England determined to carry on Edward I's project, and supported the claim of Edward Balliol, son of the former King John Balliol, over that of the young David II, son of the Bruce.

In 1279 he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Nicholas III who had prohibited the election of Robert Burnell, Edward I's preferred candidate.

A reconstruction of Edward I of England | Edward I's chambers at the Tower of London in England

The castle-guard system faded into abeyance in England, being replaced by financial rents, although it continued in the Welsh Marches well into the 13th century and saw some limited use during Edward I's occupation of Scotland in the early 14th century.

Edward I of England | Edward I's Caernarfon Castle in Wales

Bodiam Castle built in the 1380s possessed a moat, towers and gunports but, rather than being a genuine military fortification, the castle was primarily intended to be admired by visitors and used as a luxurious dwelling – the chivalric architecture implicitly invoking comparisons with Edward I's great castle at Beaumaris.

His short reign was bedeviled by Edward I's insistence on his overlordship of Scotland.

Extensive tree-ring dating of structural timbers shows that virtually all of the present structure was completed before 1291, the date of Edward I's license to fortify the place, which stands in the Welsh Marches, the western borderland of the Norman domain at that time.

Beaumaris Castle, located in the town of the same name on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales, was built as part of Edward I's campaign to conquer the north of Wales after 1282.

Historian Arnold Taylor described Beaumaris as Britain's " most perfect example of symmetrical concentric planning " and for many years the castle was regarded as the pinnacle of military engineering during Edward I's reign.