In the first place, a large part of the discrepancy between President Eisenhower's estimate of a 1.5 billion dollar surplus for the same period and the new estimate of an almost seven billion dollar deficit is the result of the outgoing President's farewell gift of a political booby-trap to his successor.

Washington refused to support Churchill's plan to use Eisenhower's army for political maneuvers against Moscow.

Eisenhower's stint as president of Columbia University was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations, a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan, and The American Assembly, Eisenhower's " vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature ".

Among the political figures targeted by the magazine were former Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles and Arthur H. Vandenberg, Jr., who had briefly served as President Eisenhower's Appointments Secretary.

Longworth developed a genuine friendship with Richard Nixon when he was vice president, and when he returned to California after Eisenhower's second term, Longworth kept in touch and did not consider his political career to be over.

His is most known for his 1962 memoir The Ordeal of Power, a scathing review that questioned Eisenhower's political smarts and depicted Eisenhower as ill-suited for the White House.

Among the political figures targeted by the magazine were Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles and Eisenhower's appointee to be Appointments Secretary Arthur H. Vandenberg, Jr., both in 1956.

Eisenhower's two terms were peaceful ones for the most part and saw considerable economic prosperity except for a sharp recession in 1958 – 59.

Eisenhower's Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were primarily farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn, who migrated to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1741.

Eisenhower's first struggles however were with Allied leaders and officers on matters vital to the success of the Normandy invasion ; he argued with Roosevelt over an essential agreement with de Gaulle to use French resistance forces in covert and sabotage operations against the Germans in advance of Overlord.

The last three years of Eisenhower's second term in office were ones of relatively good health.

Conservative critics of his administration found that he did not do enough to advance the goals of the right: " Eisenhower's victories were ," according to Hans Morgenthau, " but accidents without consequence in the history of the Republican party.

Commemorative signs reading " Eisenhower Interstate System " and bearing Eisenhower's permanent 5-star rank insignia were introduced in 1993 and are currently displayed throughout the Interstate System.

Privately however, Patton was often quick to remind Eisenhower that his permanent rank in the Regular Army – both men were still colonels there throughout 1943 – predated Eisenhower's.

Among them were Herbert Brownell, who would become Eisenhower's Attorney General, James Hagerty, who would become White House Press Secretary, and John Foster Dulles, who would become Eisenhower's Secretary of State.

The official nuclear policy of the United States was one of " massive retaliation ", as coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, which called for massive attack against the Soviet Union if they were to invade Europe, regardless of whether it was a conventional or a nuclear attack.

Stevenson's hopes for victory were dashed when, in October, President Eisenhower's doctors gave him a clean bill of health and the Suez and Hungary crises erupted simultaneously.

These moves were significant because McNamara was abandoning President Dwight D. Eisenhower's policy of massive retaliation in favor of a flexible response strategy that relied on increased U. S. capacity to conduct limited, non-nuclear warfare.

On 25 March 1957 Macmillan acceded to Eisenhower's request to base 60 Thor IRBMs in England under joint control, to replace the nuclear bombers of the Strategic Air Command, which had been stationed under joint control in the country since 1948, and were approaching obsolescence.

Especially well known were its vicuna wool products, which became famous when President Eisenhower's Chief of Staff, Sherman Adams, received a vicuna sport coat as a gift from a wealthy industrialist and had to resign due to the resulting scandal.

He was a key ally for the passage of Eisenhower's Interstate Highway System, and during his tenure supported the Polaris submarine project ( which were built by Electric Boat Corporation in Groton, Connecticut ), civil rights legislation, and the establishment of the Peace Corps.

The actual authors of the speech were Eisenhower's speechwriters Ralph E. Williams and Malcolm Moos.

* During the mid-point of Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency, there were three instances in which the President was disabled.

The whereabouts of Adolf Hitler were in doubt, and some ( including Eisenhower's chief of staff, General Walter Bedell Smith ) felt that the German government may in fact have moved to the Bavarian Alps to establish a redoubt.

Several members of General Dwight Eisenhower's SHAPE staff during the early 1950s were reported to have arranged regular shipments of chili from Pool's to their Paris quarters.

Eisenhower's officials were not sure as to whether Castro was a communist, but hostile toward the Cubans ' efforts to decrease their economic reliance on the United States.

In December 1950 it was announced that the forces initially to come under General Eisenhower's command were to be the Seventh United States Army in Germany, the British Army of the Rhine, with 2nd & 7th Armoured Divisions, to be bolstered by 11th Armoured Division and a further infantry division, three French divisions in Germany and Austria, the Danish, Belgian, and the Independent Norwegian Brigades in Western Germany, and the American and British garrisons in Austria, Trieste, and Berlin.

Four days after Eisenhower's arrival in Paris, on 5 January 1951, the Italian defence minister, Signor Pacciardi, announced that three Italian divisions were to be formed as Italy's ' initial contribution to the Atlantic army ,' and that these divisions would also come under Eisenhower's control.

Within, she stated the omission of the affair the 1948 book was due to her concern for Eisenhower's privacy.

But I have been at some pains to review it as the drama of the common man, to point up what happened to him under Eisenhower's leadership.

And I select this sentence as its pertinent summation: `` in essence the drama of his ( Eisenhower's ) Presidency can be described as the ordeal of a nation turned conservative and struggling -- thus far with but limited and precarious success -- to give effective voice and force to that conservatism ''.

The second specific comment was the report of Eisenhower's Commission on National Goals, titled Goals For Americans.

For the tone of the editorials which greeted Mr. Eisenhower's original announcement of his running had been strangely disquieting.

Mr. Eisenhower's New York speech does not encourage respect for that or for his elder statesmanship.

Senator Mundt's gross distortion of President Eisenhower's conversation into a denunciation of President Kennedy as too left wing, a statement Mr. Eisenhower declared to be entirely false, is another case in point.

President Truman's Commission on Higher Education tended to take a liberal, expansionist position, while President Eisenhower's Committee on Education Beyond the High School was slightly more conservative.

Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, former President of the Ford Motor Company, comes from a generation different from that of Eisenhower's own first Secretary of Defense, Charles Wilson, who had been head of General Motors.

In view of Eisenhower's reluctance to concede that anything was amiss in the Terror, it is doubtful that heroic intervention by Dulles could have produced anything but disaster for him and the country's foreign policy.

The rule was enforced by demand of Sen. Wayne Morse ( D., Ore. ) in connection with President Eisenhower's cabinet selections in 1953 and President Kennedy's in 1961.

" While NASA went ahead with planning for Apollo, funding for the program was far from certain given Eisenhower's ambivalent attitude to manned spaceflight.

He served as chairman of the Cartoonists ' Committee in President Dwight D. Eisenhower's People-to-People program in 1954 ( although Capp had actually supported Adlai Stevenson for president in 1952 and 1956 ), which was organized to promote Savings bonds for the U. S. Treasury.

Eisenhower's mother, Ida Elizabeth Stover, born in Virginia of German Lutheran ancestry, moved to Kansas from Virginia.

And though his mother was against war, it was her collection of history books that first sparked Eisenhower's early and lasting interest in military history.

Academically, Eisenhower's best subject by far was English ; otherwise his performance was average, though he thoroughly enjoyed the typical emphasis of engineering on science and mathematics.

After golf, oil painting was Eisenhower's second hobby.

During the late 1920s and early 1930s Eisenhower's career in the post war army stalled somewhat, as military priorities diminished ; many of his friends resigned for high-paying business jobs.

Eisenhower was severely criticized for the move ; but Darlan was assassinated later that year, and Eisenhower's command position was not affected.

Operation Torch also served as a valuable training ground for Eisenhower's combat command skills ; during the initial phase of Erwin Rommel's move into the Kasserine Pass, Eisenhower created some confusion in the ranks by some interference with the execution of battle plans by his subordinates.