The 19th century image of a Sabbatic Goat, created by Eliphas Levi | Eliphas Lévi.

* May 31 – Eliphas Lévi, French occult author and magician ( b. 1810 )

Hermetic magic underwent a nineteenth century revival in Western Europe, where it was practiced by people and within groups such as the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Aurum Solis, Ragon, Kenneth M. Mackenzie, Eliphas Lévi, Frederick Hockley, William Butler Yeats, and Arthur Machen.

The 19th century image of a Sabbatic Goat, created by Eliphas Levi | Eliphas Lévi.

' His source is the " Abbé Constant ", which is to say, Alphonse-Louis Constant, the real name of Eliphas Lévi.

In 1854, Eliphas Lévi published Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie (" Dogmas and Rituals of High Magic "), in which he included an image he had drawn himself which he described as Baphomet and " The Sabbatic Goat ", showing a winged humanoid goat with a pair of breasts and a torch on its head between its horns ( illustration, top ).

Eliphas Lévi | Lévi's Baphomet image employed in the later 19th century to suggest Baphomet worship by Freemasonry | Freemasons.

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As a young man, Encausse spent a great deal of time at the Bibliothèque Nationale studying the Kabbalah, occult tarot, the sciences of magic and alchemy, and the writings of Eliphas Lévi.

Encausse's early readings in tarot and the lore of the Kabbalah in translation was inspired by the occult writings of Eliphas Lévi, whose translation of the " Nuctemeron of Apollonius of Tyana " printed as a supplement to Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie ( 1855 ), provided Encausse with his nom de plume: " Papus " means " physician.

* Eliphas Lévi

Eliphas Lévi, in Le Grand Arcane (" The Great Mystery ", 1868 ) identifies " egregors " with the tradition concerning the fathers of the nephilim, describing them as " terrible beings " that " crush us without pity because they are unaware of our existence.

Influences on Golden Dawn concepts and work include: Christian mysticism, Qabalah, Hermeticism, the religion of Ancient Egypt, Theurgy, Freemasonry, Alchemy, Theosophy, Eliphas Levi, Papus, Enochian magic, and Renaissance grimoires.

Rejecting Christianity and developing an interest in western esotericism, he read several books on Theosophy by Madame Blavatsky, namely Isis Unveiled, and wanting to explore the topic further, he also read the works of prominent occultists Cornelius Agrippa and Eliphas Levi.

Following the innovation of Eliphas Levi, many English language writers on Tarot divination now call the coins " pentacles ", and many decks depict them as discs marked with a pentagram.

Their second release Nekromanteia ( 2003 ), is based on the writings of Eliphas Levi ( 1810 – 1875 ), a French occultist who helped revive interest in magic in the 19th century.

The album is based on the writings of Eliphas Levi ( 1810-1875 ), a French occultist who helped revive interest in ritual magic in the 19th century.

Through the reformation it became popular with occultists like Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, Pico della Mirandola and Eliphas Levi before being formalized in popular new-age magic.

In the mid-nineteenth century the French occultist Eliphas Levi wrote much of " the astral light ", a factor he considered of key importance to magic, alongside the power of will and the doctrine of correspondences.

The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Aleister Crowley's Thelema and their subsequent offshoots, influenced by Eliphas Levi, are most commonly associated with the resurgence of magical tradition in the English speaking world of the 20th century.

Waite drew upon the earlier Tarot of French occultist Eliphas Levi, at times retaining his changes to the traditional deck ( as with the Chariot card, which both Waite and Levi picture being drawn by two sphinx, instead of horses ), at other times criticizing him ( as with the Hermit card, which Waite thought Levi misinterpreted ).

Letters indicated that he was " tamper ... with the science vulgarly known as Black Magic ", and to his former tutor Colin Taylor, Heseltine enthused about " the most illuminating and altogether wonderful book I have ever read "; this was Eliphas Levi's History of Transcendental Magic, which includes procedures for the invocation of demons.

In the 2010 regional elections, SWAPO's Eliphas Iita won the constituency with 1, 928 votes.

She then cursed Eliphas for his perceived betrayal with an eternal life of torture, transforming him into a vampire-like creature.

Apart from possibly influencing the English occult novelist Bulwer-Lytton, the book gained little notice until it influenced Eliphas Levi.

It may have influenced novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton and occultist Eliphas Levi.

The corresponding noun " esotericism " was coined in French by Jacques Matter in 1828 and popularized by Eliphas Levi in the 1850s.

Eliphas Levi's image of " Baphomet " serves as an example of the transformation of the Devil into a benevolent fertility deity and provided the prototype for Murray's horned god.

Extract from Chapter XVI, Witchcraft and Spells: Transcendental Magic its Doctrine and Ritual by Eliphas Levi.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, authors such as Godfrey Higgins and the esotericists Eliphas Levi, Helena Blavatsky, and George Gurdjieff articulated specific histories, cosmologies, and some of the basic philosophical principles that would influence the movement.

Guenon points out that Blavatsky spent a long time visiting a library at New York where she had easy access to the works of Jacob Boehme, Eliphas Levi, the Kabbala and other Hermetic treatises.

For instance Alphonse Louis Constant wrote under the name Eliphas Levi, William Wynn Westcott wrote under Frater Sapere Aude, and Aleister Crowley wrote under the name Frater Perdurabo.

A number of his volumes remain in print, The Book of Ceremonial Magic ( 1911 ), The Holy Kabbalah ( 1929 ), A New Encyclopedia of Freemasonry ( 1921 ), and his edited translation of Eliphas Levi's Transcendental Magic, its Doctrine and Ritual ( 1896 ) among others by Levi, having seen reprints in recent years.

The original members were: Eliphas Burnham, George Snodgrass, John F. Sabine, William Porter, Tobias Beightler, Abraham Amrine, Samuel Reed, Ray G. Morse, Josiah Westlake, Josiah Reed, William.

Presumably following Herodotus ' description, the occultist Eliphas Levi in his Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie ( 1855 ) called his goat-headed conception of Baphomet the " Baphomet of Mendes ", thus popularizing and perpetuating this incorrect attribution, which has given rise to a flood of spurious connections, such as " The Goat of Mendes " by the blackened death metal band Akercocke.

The symbols used were influenced by the 19th century magician and occultist Eliphas Levi.

However, the influential writer Eliphas Levi called it evil whenever the symbol appeared the other way up.

Image: Pentagram ( Levi ). jpg | The occultist and magician Eliphas Levi's pentagram, which he considered to be a symbol of the microcosm, or human.