American economist, social and political commentator, Dr. Thomas Sowell identified some negative results of race-based affirmative action in his book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study.

* Result ( Empirical results, charts, plots )

Empirical data indicate that biological gene networks are sparsely connected, and that the average number of upstream-regulators per gene is less than two.

Empirical studies of signalling indicate it as a statistically significant determinant of wages, however it is one of a host of other attributes-age, sex, and geography are examples of other important factors.

Empirical evidence has shown that convergence failure is extremely rare, making this a good candidate for a general purpose polynomial root finding algorithm.

Empirical risk minimization principle states that the learning algorithm should choose a hypothesis which minimizes the empirical risk:

Empirical risk minimization runs this risk of overfitting: finding a

Empirical evidence suggests that abortions approximately doubled among women living in areas that were most affected by the Mexico City Policy.

Empirical coding of votes shows that Minton was the most conservative justice on the Court during his first year, and remained in the conservative half of the court for the duration of his career.

The distance from Earth to the subsolar magnetopause varies over time due to solar activity, but typical distances range from 6-15 R. Empirical models using real-time solar wind data can provide a real-time estimate of the magnetopause location.

Empirical analysis in this framework studies the " sequential process through which the economic, industrial and institutional structure of an underdeveloped economy is transformed over time to permit new industries to replace traditional agriculture as the engine of economic growth.

Empirical investigations of the model have e. g. shown that the two dimensions are distinctively different with regards to affective outcomes, as well as that some individuals are more prone to engage through one type of escapism, and that situational levels of well-being affects the type of escapism that becomes dominant at a specific time.

Empirical testing is done to determine parameters such as the maximum experimental safe gap, minimum ignition current, explosion pressure and time to peak pressure, spontaneous ignition temperature, and maximum rate of pressure rise.

Empirical data have suggested that exponential discounting, rewards discounting at a constant rate per unit of waiting time, only occurs when there are random interruptions in foraging.

* Empirical formula of a material that is free of excessive surface contamination

# Empirical studies that demonstrate significant deviations from classical theories.

# Empirical Item analyses < ref > Janzen, Henry, John Obrzut, and Christopher Marusiak.

# Empirical techniques, laid out in a section usually called " Materials and Methods ", should be described in such a way that a subsequent scientist, with appropriate knowledge of and experience in the relevant field, should be able to repeat the observations and know whether he or she has obtained the same result.

# REDIRECT Empirical limits in science

# 1995 So, S, Lim, Y, Cha, S. D., Kwon, Y, J, 1995 An Empirical Study on Software Error Detection: Voting, Instrumentation, and Fagan Inspection *, Proceedings of the 1995 Asia Pacific Software Engineering Conference ( APSEC ' 95 ), Page 345-351

# REDIRECT Empirical research

# Empirical Cessationism: founded on a posteriori grounds, i. e. on experience or empiria.

# REDIRECT Empirical

# Empirical problem: We have no evidence that our universe originally came into being from absolutely nothing.

# REDIRECT Empirical research

Empirical thermometers are not in general necessarily in exact agreement with absolute thermometers as to their numerical scale readings, but to qualify as thermometers at all they must agree with absolute thermometers and with each other in the following way: given any two bodies isolated in their separate respective thermodynamic equilibrium states, all thermometers agree as to which of the two has the higher temperature, or that the two have equal temperatures.

Empirical knowledge is developed from experience of a relational universe whose components and attributes are defined and measured in terms of intellectually constructed laws.

Empirical correlations for a wide variety of geometries are available that express the Nusselt number in the aforementioned forms.

Empirical studies by Amos Tversky questioned the assumption that investors are rational.

Empirical methods are studied extensively in the philosophy of science but cannot be used directly in fields whose hypotheses are not invalidated by real experiment ( mathematics, theology, ideology ).

The two academic bodies of thought on the assessment of competitiveness are the Structure Conduct Performance Paradigm and the more contemporary New Empirical Industrial Organisation model.

Empirical potentials used in chemistry are frequently called force fields, while those used in materials physics are called just empirical or analytical potentials.

In the posthumously published Sense and Sensibilia Austin criticises sense-data theories of perception, particularly that of A. J. Ayer in The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge. Central to his case is an attack on a common argument from illusion ( i. e., that cases of perceptual illusion show that on such occasions what we are directly aware of are mental images ) and the " further bit of argument intended to establish that ... always perceive sense-data.

Empirical thermometers are not in general necessarily in exact agreement with each other or with absolute thermometers as to their numerical scale readings, but to qualify as thermometers at all they must agree with absolute thermometers and with each other in the following way: given any two bodies isolated in their separate respective thermodynamic equilibrium states, all thermometers agree as to which of the two has the higher temperature, or that the two have equal temperatures.

Empirical estimates of this parameter are desirable for modeling of its life cycle.

Empirical research suggests, however, that a number of firms do not produce at the point where long run average costs are minimized.

Empirical relationships and associations are also frequently studied by using some form of General linear model, non-linear model, or by using factor analysis.

Empirical Engel curves are close to linear for some goods, and highly nonlinear for others.

Empirical Bayes methods are procedures for statistical inference in which the prior distribution is estimated from the data.

Empirical data on health locus of control in a number of fields was reviewed by Norman and Bennett in 1995 ; they note that data on whether certain health-related behaviors are related to internal health locus of control have been ambiguous.

There are three kinds of rules: Axiomatic, Deductive, and Empirical.

Empirical evidence in the United States and Australia indicates that education performance and attendance are greater in Catholic schools in contrasts to its public counter-parts.

Empirical, i. e. rock mass classification, methods are extensively used for feasibility and pre-design studies, and often also for the final design.