While-amino acids represent all of the amino acids found in proteins during translation in the ribosome ,-amino acids are found in some proteins produced by enzyme posttranslational modifications after translation and translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum, as in exotic sea-dwelling organisms such as cone snails.

MAC, also called " Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeabilization Pore " is regulated by various proteins, such as those encoded by the mammalian Bcl-2 family of anti-apoptopic genes, the homologs of the ced-9 gene found in C. elegans.

* Expression of viral proteins coupled to MHC proteins on the surface of the infected cell, allowing recognition by cells of the immune system ( such as Natural Killer and cytotoxic T cells ) that then induce the infected cell to undergo apoptosis.

These homologs can inhibit proapoptotic proteins such as BAX and BAK, which are essential for the activation of apoptosis.

The adenovirus E1B-55K protein and the hepatitis B virus HBx protein are examples of viral proteins that can perform such a function.

Following activation of adenylate cyclase, the resulting cAMP acts as a second messenger by interacting with and regulating other proteins such as protein kinase A and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels.

Gels made from purified agarose have a relatively large pore size, making them useful for separation of large molecules, such as proteins and protein complexes > 200 kilodaltons, as well as DNA fragments > 100 basepairs.

Consequently, organisms contain a complex network of antioxidant metabolites and enzymes that work together to prevent oxidative damage to cellular components such as DNA, proteins and lipids.

These oxidants can damage cells by starting chemical chain reactions such as lipid peroxidation, or by oxidizing DNA or proteins.

Particularly important is the ability to sequester iron, which is the function of iron-binding proteins such as transferrin and ferritin.

Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules — although increasingly processes rather than individual molecules are the main focus.

* Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids ( dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins ( e. g., blood lipids ))

* Growth factor storage — mineralized bone matrix stores important growth factors such as insulin-like growth factors, transforming growth factor, bone morphogenetic proteins and others.

The study has revealed a few such proteins, the most promising of which has been dubbed EspC ; it elicits a very strong immune reaction, and is specific to M. tuberculosis.

Regulation is the complex orchestration of events starting with an extracellular signal such as a hormone and leading to an increase or decrease in the activity of one or more proteins.

In contrast, Biopharmaceuticals are large biological molecules such as proteins that are developed to address targets that cannot easily be addressed by small molecules.

Due to this network of fibres and high concentrations of dissolved macromolecules, such as proteins, an effect called macromolecular crowding occurs and the cytosol does not act as an ideal solution.

The cytosol also contains the protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton, as well as soluble proteins and small structures such as ribosomes, proteasomes, and the mysterious vault complexes.

A particularly widespread example are lipid droplets, which are spherical droplets composed of lipids and proteins that are used in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes as a way of storing lipids such as fatty acids and sterols.

In some cases, proteins can form more rigid structures, such as the coagulation of albumen in egg whites.

Cervical mucus also contains electrolytes ( calcium, sodium and potassium ), organic components such as glucose, amino acids and soluble proteins.

Conversely, some organisms have special techniques to prevent crystallization from occurring, such as antifreeze proteins.

It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes.

If " overseer " enzymes note that residues are misfolded, proteins within the RER will re-add glucose residues so that other Calreticulin / Calnexin can bind to these proteins and prevent them from proceeding to the Golgi.

Once bound, β-arrestins both sterically prevent G-protein coupling and may recruit other proteins leading to the creation of signaling complexes involved in extracellular-signal regulated kinase ( ERK ) pathway activation or receptor endocytosis ( internalization ).

The phage genes expressed in this dormant state code for proteins that repress expression of other phage genes ( such as the structural and lysis genes ) in order to prevent entry into the lytic cycle.

This intracellular degradation of protein serves a number of functions-it removes damaged and abnormal protein and prevent their accumulation, and it also serves to regulate cellular processes by removing enzymes and regulatory proteins that are no longer needed.

# Some proteins involved in cell adhesion prevent tumor cells from dispersing, block loss of contact inhibition, and inhibit metastasis.

These globules are surrounded by membranes made of phospholipids ( fatty acid emulsifiers ) and proteins, which prevent the fat in milk from pooling together into a single mass.

This was achieved by blocking certain proteins that would normally prevent the possibility.

Although most globular proteins are able to assume their native state unassisted, chaperone-assisted folding is often necessary in the crowded intracellular environment to prevent aggregation ; chaperones are also used to prevent misfolding and aggregation that may occur as a consequence of exposure to heat or other changes in the cellular environment.

Although the role of PG and PI are not clear, they appear to interact with hydrophobic surfactant proteins SP ‐ B and SP ‐ C to prevent the irreversible removal of the phospholipids from the surfactant film during alveolar compression and collapse for rapid reinsertion upon re-expansion.

Mountain stone weta can survive being frozen for months in a state of suspended animation down to temperatures of-10 ° C, because their haemolymph ( the insect equivalent of blood ) contains special proteins that prevent ice from forming in their cells.

The investigation of chaperones has a long history .< ref > The term ` molecular chaperone ` appeared first in the literature in 1978, and was invented by Ron Laskey to describe the ability of a nuclear protein called nucleoplasmin to prevent the aggregation of folded histone proteins with DNA during the assembly of nucleosomes.

Since the membrane has been chosen for its ability to bind protein and as both antibodies and the target are proteins, steps must be taken to prevent

Freezing is made possible by specialized proteins and glucose, which prevent intracellular freezing and dehydration.

Alpha-crystallin has chaperone-like properties including the ability to prevent the precipitation of denatured proteins and to increase cellular tolerance to stress.

The adaptive immune system is dependent on lymphocytes, which are not phagocytes but produce protective proteins called antibodies, which tag invaders for destruction and prevent viruses from infecting cells.

Specific modifications on fibre proteins are used to target Adenovirus to certain cell types ; a major effort is made to limit hepatotoxicity and prevent multiple organ failure.

The pancreas secretes zymogens partly to prevent the enzymes from digesting proteins in the cells in which they are synthesised.

The Min proteins, which must prevent the FtsZ ring from being placed anywhere near the mid cell and nuclear material, are hypothesized to be involved in a spatial regulatory mechanism that links size increases prior to cell division to FtsZ polymerization in the middle of the cell.

So far, two proteins have been identified in E. coli and B. subtilis that prevent division over the nucleoid region: Noc and SlmA.

During times of illness the affected person may need to be hospitalized to prevent breakdown of proteins within the body.