* 1797 – Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, English military commander ( b. 1717 )

This included acquaintance with French, English and German, and military drill.

In truth the power which Alfred wielded over the English peoples at this time seemed to stem largely from the military might of the West Saxons, Alfred ’ s political connections from having the ruler of Mercia as his son-in-law, and Alfred ’ s keen administrative talents.

* No foreigner, even if naturalised ( unless they were born of English parents ), shall be allowed to be a Privy Councillor or a member of either House of Parliament, or hold " any office or place of trust, either civil or military, or to have any grant of lands, tenements or hereditaments from the Crown, to himself or to any other or others in trust for him.

* 1176 – Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English military leader ( b. 1130 )

* 1599 – Oliver Cromwell, English military and politician ( d. 1658 )

The Commonwealth of England was the official name of the political unit ( de facto military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy ) that replaced the kingdoms of Scotland and England ( after the English Civil War ) from 1649 to 1653 and 1659 to 1660.

Her final work was a poem eulogizing Joan of Arc, the peasant girl who took a very public role in organizing French military resistance to English domination in the early 15th century.

For political reasons, analyzing these varieties as " languages " or " dialects " yields inconsistent results: British and American English, spoken by close political and military allies, are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language, whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia, which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English, are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages, largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies.

The National Council of Teachers of English ( NCTE ) Committee on Public Doublespeak was formed in 1971, in the midst of the Watergate scandal, at a point when there was widespread skepticism about the degree of truth which characterized relationships between the public and the worlds of politics, the military, and business.

* 1944 – John Brunt, English military officer ( b. 1922 )

* Egypt's military leadership, Aljazeera English, February 11, 2011

After the occupation and loss of Le Havre in 1562 – 1563, Elizabeth avoided military expeditions on the continent until 1585, when she sent an English army to aid the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip II.

Although this word, in English, has taken on purely military connotations, in reality it covers the vast range of human enterprise-family life, work, spiritual development, and, at the end of all this, justified defensive warfare.

He was among the few English military leaders to avoid death or capture during the battle, and although there is no evidence that he acted with cowardice, he was temporarily stripped of his knighthood.

However, the resulting economic integration and military co-operation between the English and Dutch Navies shifted the dominance in world trade from the Dutch Republic to England and later to Great Britain.

William had already acquired the reputation of being the main champion in Europe of the Protestant cause against Catholicism and French absolutism ; in the developing English crisis he saw an opportunity to prevent an Anglo-French alliance and bring England to the anti-French side, by carrying out a military intervention directed against James.

The two ruled Scotland until two of Edmund's younger brothers returned from exile in England, again with English military backing.

As the civil wars developed, the English Parliamentarians appealed to the Scots Covenanters for military aid against the King.

The town's name means " military settlement ," from Old English here-wic.

* 1435 – John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel, English military leader ( b. 1408 )

Having kept bonds with the English speakers ( he spent part of his childhood in the United States and usually spoke English ) and with French soldiers in North Africa ( under Admiral Lemonnier ), Jacques-Yves Cousteau ( whose villa " Baobab " at Sanary ( Var ) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa " Reine "), helped the French Navy to join again with the Allies ; he assembled a commando operation against the Italian espionage services in France, and received several military decorations for his deeds.

Since antiquity in various parts of the world, and since the 17th century in England, it had been known that citrus fruit had an antiscorbutic effect, when John Woodall ( 1570 – 1643 ), an English military surgeon of the British East India Company recommended them but their use did not become widespread.

* 1877 – Charles Rolls, English engineer and businessman, co-founded Rolls-Royce Limited ( d. 1910 )

* 1844 – James Henry Greathead, English engineer ( d. 1896 )

* 1805 – Joseph Locke, English railway and civil engineer ( d. 1860 )

* 1948 – George Ryton, English engineer

* 1783 – William Tierney Clark, English engineer, designed the Hammersmith Bridge ( d. 1852 )

* 1919 – Godfrey Hounsfield, English engineer Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 2004 )

* 1964 – Gavin Fisher, English engineer and designer

* 1933 – Keith Duckworth, English engineer, founded Cosworth ( d. 2005 )

Charles Babbage, FRS ( 26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871 ) was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer.

The Mouse_ ( computing )# Early_mice | first prototype of a computer mouse, as designed by William English ( computer engineer ) | Bill English from Engelbart's sketches.

Engelbart applied for a patent in 1967 and received it in 1970, for the wooden shell with two metal wheels ( computer mouse-), which he had developed with Bill English, his lead engineer, a few years earlier.

The earliest known use of an expert witness in English law came in 1782, when a court that was hearing litigation relating to the silting-up of Wells harbour in Norfolk accepted evidence from a leading civil engineer, John Smeaton.

William Smith ( 1769 – 1839 ), an English canal engineer, observed that rocks of different ages ( based on the law of superposition ) preserved different assemblages of fossils, and that these assemblages succeeded one another in a regular and determinable order.

George Stephenson ( 9 June 1781 – 12 August 1848 ) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer who built the first public railway line in the world to use steam locomotives.

The sons of Montgolfier obtained an English patent for an improved version in 1816, and this was acquired, together with Whitehurst's design, in 1820 by Josiah Easton, a Somerset-born engineer who had just moved to London.

Portland cement was used by the famous English engineer Marc Isambard Brunel several years later when constructing the Thames Tunnel.

* 1942 – Alan Blumlein, English electronics engineer ( b. 1903 )

* 1954 – Neil Oatley, English engineer and designer

* 1757 – Samuel Bentham, English mechanical engineer ( d. 1831 )

* 1907 – Frank Whittle, English engineer and inventor, developed the jet engine ( d. 1996 )

* 1999 – Christopher Cockerell, English engineer and inventor, invented the hovercraft ( b. 1910 )

* 1724 – John Smeaton, English engineer ( d. 1794 )

* 1955 – Tim Berners-Lee, English computer scientist and engineer, invented the World Wide Web