* Epithelial sodium channel blockers: amiloride and triamterene.

Epithelial cells ( which are non-circulating ) normally have active integrins at their cell membrane, helping maintain their stable adhesion to underlying stromal cells that provide signals to maintain normal functioning.

The growth of cervical loop cells into the deeper tissues forms Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath, which determines a tooth's root shape.

Epithelial tissue helps to protect organisms from microorganisms, injury, and fluid loss.

Epithelial to Mesenchmyal Cell Transition – loss of cell adhesion leads to constriction and extrusion of newly mesenchymal cell.

Epithelial tissue includes, but is not limited to, the surface layer of skin, glands and a variety of other tissue that lines the cavities and organs of the body.

SPM serves as a surface receptor for immunoglobulins and some bacteria and is an activator of Epithelial Growth Receptors.

Photorefractive keratectomy ( PRK ) and Laser-Assisted Sub-Epithelial Keratectomy ( or Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis ) ( LASEK ) are laser eye surgery procedures intended to correct a person's vision, reducing dependency on glasses or contact lenses.

Epithelial cells of the lung and breast both contain keratin-7, but some other glandular epithelia, such as those of the colon and prostate, do not.

Epithelial cells are normally shed into the ventriculus where they burst – releasing digestive enzymes.

Epithelial cells, specifically type II pneumocytes, also internalize conidia which traffic to the lysosome where ingested conidia are destroyed.

The growth of cervical loop cells into the deeper tissues forms Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath, which determines the root shape of the tooth.

The research used rat PC12 cells and Human Lens Epithelial ( HLE ) cells cultured for four hours on the surface modified porous silicon.

The adenomatous proliferation is characterized by different degrees of cell dysplasia ( atypia or loss of normal differentiation of epithelium ) irregular cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, ( pseudo ) stratified nuclei, nucleolus, decreased mucosecretion, and mitosis.

** borderline tumors may have cellular atypia but do NOT have evidence of invasion

The normal ordered maturation of the keratinocytes is disordered to varying degrees, there may be widening of the intracellular spaces, and they may also have some cytologic atypia, such as abnormally large nuclei.

In this classification, a nevus can be defined as benign, having atypia, or being a melanoma.

If this is not mentioned, usually a dermatologist or clinician will require further surgery if moderate to severe cytologic atypia is present-and if residual nevus is present at the surgical margin.

The most common finding is a well-differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma, which is composed of numerous, small, crowded glands with varying degrees of nuclear atypia, mitotic activity, and stratification.

The WHO-grading scheme is based on the appearance of certain characteristics: atypia, mitosis, endothelial proliferation, and necrosis.

Tumors without any of these features are grade I, and those with one of these features ( usually atypia ) are grade II.

Cystadenocarcinomas ( malignant tumors ) contain a more solid growth pattern with the hallmarks of malignancy: cellular atypia and stratification, loss of the normal architecture of the tissue, and necrosis.

Cystadenocarcinomas ( malignant tumors ) contain a more solid growth pattern with the hallmarks of malignancy: cellular atypia and stratification, loss of the normal architecture of the tissue, and necrosis.

# Marked nuclear atypia and any level of mitotic activity.

A benign nevus is read as ( or understood as ) having no cytologic or architectural atypia.

An atypical mole is read as having architectural atypia, and having ( mild, moderate, or severe ) cytologic ( melanocytic ) atypia.

Usually, cytologic atypia is of more important clinical concern than architectural atypia.

Usually, moderate to severe cytologic atypia will require further excision to make sure that the surgical margin is completely clear of the lesion.

Some systemic disorders which may result in hypodontia include Crouzon syndrome, Ectodermal dysplasia, Ehlers – Danlos syndrome, and Gorlin syndrome.

* Dentin dysplasia is a disorder in which the roots and pulp of teeth may be affected.

Laser treatment is used in severe dysplasia, while overt malignancy may require surgery, radiation therapy, or systemic chemotherapy.

Daughters exposed to DES in utero may also have an increased risk of moderate to severe cervical squamous cell dysplasia and an increased risk of breast cancer.

Radiographs ( X-rays ) often confirm the presence of hip dysplasia, but radiographic features may not be present until two years of age in some dogs.

It is also common to X-ray the spine and legs, as well as the hips, where dysplasia is suspected, since soft tissues can be affected by the extra strain of a dysplastic hip, or there may be other undetected factors such as neurological issues ( e. g. nerve damage ) involved.

* Osteochondritis dissecans and elbow dysplasia in the forelimbs are difficult to diagnose as the animal may only exhibit an unusual gait, and may be masked by, or misdiagnosed as, hip dysplasia.

It is also worth noting that a dog may misuse its rear legs, or adapt its gait, to compensate for pain in the forelimbs, notably osteoarthritis, osteochondritis ( OCD ) or shoulder or elbow dysplasia, as well as pain in the hocks and stifles or spinal issues.

Other health problems may include degenerative myelopathy, hip dysplasia, and Von Willebrand's disease if their parents suffered from the same problems.

A few individuals may suffer from hip dysplasia, genetic eye diseases, epilepsy, skin disorders and cancerous lesions in the mouth, on the skin and other areas of the body.

Diseases that may form thrombi in the large vessels include ( in descending incidence ): atherosclerosis, vasoconstriction ( tightening of the artery ), aortic, carotid or vertebral artery dissection, various inflammatory diseases of the blood vessel wall ( Takayasu arteritis, giant cell arteritis, vasculitis ), noninflammatory vasculopathy, Moyamoya disease and fibromuscular dysplasia.

Photodynamic therapy may have promise in treating mucosal dysplasia and small head and neck tumors.

Medication is used to treat the seizures that may arise due to cortical dysplasia.

If anticonvulsants fail to control seizure activity, neurosurgery may be an option to remove or disconnect the abnormal cells from the rest of the brain ( depending on where the cortical dysplasia is located and the safety of the surgery relative to continued seizures ).

Thirteen other syndromes may exhibit signs similar to Usher syndrome, including Alport syndrome, Alstrom syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hurler syndrome ( MPS-1 ), Kearns-Sayre syndrome ( CPEO ), Norrie syndrome, osteopetrosis ( Albers-Schonberg disease ), Refsum's disease ( phytanic acid storage disease ), and Zellweger syndrome ( cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome ).

Less common problems may include allergies, bite problems ( malocclusions ), hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and subluxating patella as these are problems that appear in the dog's cousin, the rat terrier.

A non-painful limp may be due to a number of mechanical conditions including: developmental dysplasia of the hip and leg length differences.

MRI scanning of the inner ear usually shows widened or large vestibular aqueducts with enlarged endolymphatic sacs and may show abnormalities of the cochleae known as Mondini dysplasia.

Complications of extreme prematurity may include intracranial hemorrhage, chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( see Infant respiratory distress syndrome ), or retinopathy of prematurity.

The medical significance of metaplasia is that in some sites where pathological irritation is present cells may progress from metaplasia, to develop dysplasia, and then malignant neoplasia ( cancer ).