* 1972 – The United States Congress sends the Equal Rights Amendment to the states for ratification.

Moreover, since the Supreme Court has recognized voting as a fundamental right, the Equal Protection Clause places very tight limitations ( albeit with uncertain limits ) on the states ' ability to define voter qualifications ; it is fair to say that qualifications beyond citizenship, residency, and age are usually questionable.

The issue of rescission became important again during the 1970s when the legislatures of four states adopted resolutions purporting to repeal their previous ratifications of the Equal Rights Amendment.

The Court went even further in restricting the Equal Protection Clause in Berea College v. Kentucky ( 1908 ), holding that the states could force private actors to discriminate by prohibiting colleges from having both black and white students.

Since Wesberry v. Sanders ( 1964 ) and Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ), the Supreme Court has interpreted the Equal Protection Clause as requiring the states to apportion their congressional districts and state legislative seats according to " one man, one vote ".

* March 22 – The 92nd U. S. Congress votes to send the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the states for ratification.

* June 30 – The Equal Rights Amendment falls short of the 38 states needed to pass ; Phyllis Schlafly and other leaders of the Christian right take credit for its defeat.

" Early the following year, Representative Robert E. Andrews, Democrat from New Jersey, introduced a resolution in the House of Representatives to require that " when the legislatures of an additional three states ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, the House of Representatives shall take any legislative action necessary to verify the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment as a part of the Constitution.

* In Malta, The Equal Opportunities Act 2000 states that it is illegal to discriminate against a disabled person who needs an assistant, in this case, a Guide Dog.

The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, on which the decision in Bush v. Gore was based, states:

The Eighth Circuit, citing Baker v. Nelson, affirmed the constitutionality under the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause of Nebraska's constitutional amendment which defines marriage as between a man and a woman, and states that unions of two people in a same-sex relationship as marriage or similar to marriage shall not be valid or recognized in Nebraska, and reversing a ruling by Judge Joseph F. Bataillon of the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska that a prohibition on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional.

In 1972, the Equal Rights Amendment was proposed by the United States Congress to the states.

" Equal consideration of interests " is the name of a moral principle that states that one should both include all affected interests when calculating the rightness of an action and weigh those interests equally.

The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution, passed by Congress in 1972 and favored by about seventy percent of the American public, failed to be ratified in 1982, with only three more states needed to make it law.

In 1972, when Schlafly began her efforts against the Equal Rights Amendment, it had already been ratified by 28 of the necessary 38 states.

In the Civil Rights Cases, the Court had held that the Equal Protection Clause applied only to acts done by states, not to acts done by private individuals.

The California Constitution required the legislature to provide a free public school system for each district, and the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution ( which includes the Equal Protection Clause ) required that all states provide to all citizens equal protection of the law.

Writing for the Court, Chief Justice Hughes observed the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution clearly forbade the states from excluding citizens from juries due solely to their race.

" Bolling did not address school desegregation in the context of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, which applies only to the states, but held that school segregation was unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

United States v. Harris ( 1883 ) held that the Equal Protection Clause did not apply to an 1883 prison lynching since the Fourteenth Amendment applied only to states, not to individual criminal matters.

There, the Supreme Court held that the Equal Protection Clause applied only to acts done by states, not to those done by private individuals ; because the Civil Rights Act of 1875 applied to private establishments, the Court said, it exceeded congressional power under Section Five of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Flores " congruence and proportionality " requirement prevents Congress from going too far in requiring states to comply with the Equal Protection Clause, which replaced the ratchet theory advanced in Katzenbach v. Morgan ( 1966 ).

The Equal Rights Amendment passed the Senate and then the House of Representatives in 1972, and on March 22, 1972, it was sent to the states for ratification.

Equal protection limits the State and Federal governments ' power to discriminate in their employment practices by treating employees, former employees, or job applicants unequally because of membership in a group, like a race, religion or sex.

Because of this, and because of extra-biblical traditions about her subsequent missionary activity in spreading the Gospel, she is known by the title, " Equal of the Apostles ".

In 1989, the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 " one man, one vote " decision.

However, it was not until the U. S. Supreme Court ruled 6 – 3 in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections ( 1966 ) that poll taxes for state elections were unconstitutional because they violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Court decided that the law was a valid exercise of Congress's enforcement power under the Equal Protections Clause of Fourteenth Amendment, because it was aimed at remedying state-sponsored discrimination, despite an earlier court finding that a literacy test was not in and of itself a violation of the 14th Amendment.

Bush argued that recounts in Florida violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because there was no statewide standard that each county board could use to determine whether a given ballot was a legal vote.

For twenty years Smith had sponsored the Equal Rights Amendment ( with no linkage to racial issues ) in the House because he believed in it.

Ignoring United States Supreme Court precedent, Carrico cited as authority the Virginia Supreme Court's own decision in Naim v. Naim ( 1955 ), also arguing that the case at hand was not a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause because both the white and the non-white spouse were punished equally for the crime of miscegenation, an argument similar to that made by the United States Supreme Court in 1883 in Pace v. Alabama.

An important precedent for Morrison was United States v. Harris ( 1883 ), which ruled that the Equal Protection Clause did not apply to a prison lynching because the state action doctrine applies Equal Protection only to state action, not private criminal acts.

Refaeli received widespread criticism, including from the Israeli Forum for the Promotion of Equal Share, to which she responded, " I really wanted to serve in the IDF, but I don't regret not enlisting, because it paid off big time.

Also in 1963, President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law, which amended the Fair Labor Standards Act to prohibit pay discrimination because of sex.

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act, enacted in 1974, illegalizes credit discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age, or because someone receives public assistance.

Ontario objects to a federal remedial bill to restore French schools in Manitoba in part because of its support for provincial rights, and in part because of the influence of a Protestant Equal rights movement begun in response to pro-Roman Catholic policies instituted in Quebec.

The offence of being a common scold has become obsolete in the state of New Jersey because only women could commit it, contrary to current interpretations of the Equal Protection Clause.

The Court unanimously held that the Act violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because white-collar crimes like embezzlement were excluded from the Act's jurisdiction.

In part because of this the seat was the heartland of the Equal Citizenship campaign in the late 1980s which argued that political parties in Britain should organise and contest elections in Northern Ireland, in the hope that this would " normalise " the politics of the province.

The Thomas-Rogers Act was adopted because congress had previously dissolved sovereign tribal governments in Oklahoma and Indian Territories to pave the way “ for Oklahoma ’ s admission to the union on an ‘ Equal footing with the original States.

On June 5, 1950, the United States Supreme Court ruled that a public institution of higher learning could not provide different treatment to a student solely because of his / her race as doing so deprived the student of his / her Fourteenth Amendment rights of Equal Protection.

" The Albuquerque Journal ( NM ), 12 / 3 / 2010 reported Akal Security ( a 3HO organization ), Española-based Akal Security will pay $ 1. 62 million to settle a lawsuit filed on behalf of 26 female security guards who claimed they were discriminated against because they got pregnant, the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission announced Wednesday.

For twenty years Smith had sponsored the Equal Rights Amendment -- with no linkage to racial issues -- in the House because he believed in it.

Frontiero v. Richardson,, was an Equal Protection case in which the Supreme Court decided that benefits given by the United States military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of gender.