Thirdly, CRC is a linear function with a property that CRC ( X XOR Y ) = CRC ( X ) XOR CRC ( Y ); as a result, even if the CRC is encrypted with a stream cipher ( or mode of block cipher which effectively turns it into stream cipher, such as OFB or CFB ), both message and associated CRC can be manipulated without knowledge of encryption key ; this was one of the well-known design flaws of the Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP ) protocol.

Equivalent exposures can be made with a larger aperture and a faster shutter speed or a corresponding smaller aperture and with the shutter speed slowed down.

Equivalent EPSPs ( positive ) and IPSPs ( negative ) can cancel each other out when summed.

Equivalent dose, effective dose, and committed dose can all be measured in units of rem.

Upon successfully completing both the Residency program and the PharmD, the graduate can apply for Professional Equivalent ( only equivalent in practice ) to the Master degree in Pharmacy.

Equivalent Foundation Trust organisations are still regulated by Monitor, and can retain surplus cash and can sell property and retain the cash from the sale.

Equivalent circuits of descrete components also can describe and model the electrical properties of continuous materials or biological systems in which current does not actually flow in defined circuits.

Equivalent results can also be achieved by the use of a look-up table.

Equivalent in the sense that each of the statements can be derived from each other in the weak system PRA of arithmetic ; consistency refers here to the truth of the Gödel sentence for second-order arithmetic.

Equivalent terms of address are " ma ' am " or " madam " in most cases, or in the case of a very young woman, girl, or unmarried woman who prefers to be addressed as such, " miss ".

Equivalent amounts of sand may be called heaps or not based on how they got there.

* Equivalent states are states in a state machine which, for every possible input sequence, the same output sequence will be produced-no matter which state is the initial state.

Title I also resolved the issue of “ hybrid instruments ” by defining when such an instrument would be considered a “ security ” subject to security laws and excluded from the CEA even though it had a “ commodity component .” Equivalent treatment of bank products was provided in Title IV.

A key factor in Icesave ’ s appeal to savers was its interest rate guarantee: The gross Annual Equivalent Rate of Interest ( AER ) paid on balances over £ 250 was guaranteed to exceed the Bank of England Base Rate by at least 0. 25 % until 1 October 2009 and thereafter not to be lower than the Bank of England Base Rate until 1 October 2011.

Transmission power on some woodpecker transmitters was estimated to be as high as 10 MW Equivalent isotropically radiated power.

Equivalent comparisons might be " non-elephant biology ", or " non-geometric mathematics ".

Equivalent weights of common reagents could be tabulated, simplifying analytical calculations in the days before the widespread availability of electronic calculators: such tables were commonplace in textbooks of analytical chemistry.

Equivalent weights may be calculated from molar masses if the chemistry of the substance is well known:

Some universities accept students on their IB point count, while others require the points to be converted and in most states this is based on the Equivalent National Tertiary Entry Rank ( ENTER ).

*** Certainty Equivalent Adaptive Controllers current SI to be the true system, assume no uncertainty

The electrical output from the force transducer is usually measured with a sound level meter, and gives an indication of the force level, ( or force hearing level when referred to the RETFL, ‘ Reference Equivalent Threshold Force Level ’) that a real listener would be exposed to by the same signal and bone vibrator when used in hearing tests.

The number of delegates and the number of votes held by delegates from a given campus is dependent on the EFTSU ’ s ( Equivalent Full Time Study Units ) of the campus.

* Standard Coal Equivalent, a measurement of energy given as the mass of coal.

It is also convenient to define an Equivalent tensile stress or von Mises stress,, which is used to predict yielding of materials under multiaxial loading conditions using results from simple uniaxial tensile tests.

Equivalent output stages in modern samplers perform similar functions purely in the digital domain and many argue that some of the magic is lost.

" Equivalent " here means that the two grammars generate the same language.

: Equivalent equation: where is my age, is my son's age.

# Commander: Equivalent of a U. S. military chief of staff or higher position, but not to a head of state.

Equivalent technical statements are that the sum total magnetic flux through any Gaussian surface is zero, or that the magnetic field is a solenoidal vector field.

The term originates from a 1906 address by William James entitled The Moral Equivalent of War, subsequently published in essay form in 1910.

Equivalent to a modern Lieutenant.

Equivalent to a modern First Sergeant or Staff Sergeant.

Equivalent housing in white areas commands a higher rent.

Equivalent to two SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil.

Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil.

Singapore is ranked second globally in terms of containerised traffic, with 21. 3 million Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units ( TEUs ) handled in 2004, and is also the world's busiest hub for transshipment traffic.

VEI-8 eruptions are colossal events that throw out at least Dense Rock Equivalent ( DRE ) of ejecta.

In contrast, the DRE ( Dense-Rock Equivalent ) is sometimes calculated to give the actual amount of magma erupted.

Equivalent terms include wake on WAN, remote wake-up, power on by LAN, power up by LAN, resume by LAN, resume on LAN and wake up on LAN.

The ATAR was only introduced in 2009 ( in NSW ), and previously each state calculated its own final high school rank, such as the Universities Admission Index ( UAI ) in NSW and Equivalent National Tertiary Entrance Rank ( ENTER ) in Victoria.

In return for outlawing the slave trade, Madagascar received what the treaty called " The Equivalent ": an annual sum of a thousand dollars in gold, another thousand in silver, stated amounts of gunpowder, flints, and muskets, plus 400 surplus British Army uniforms.

Equivalent grades are also offered in the Shintaido forms of bojutsu & karate.

* In 1972, the Tate Gallery purchased a work by Carl Andre called Equivalent VIII.

Sound levels within one hundred and fifty feet of Los Gatos Boulevard exceed 60 CNEL ( Community Noise Equivalent Level ), a generally unacceptable range for residential living.