In 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electron's charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atom's atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms.

In 1909, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, under the direction of physicist Ernest Rutherford, bombarded a sheet of gold foil with alpha rays — by then known to be positively charged helium atoms — and discovered that a small percentage of these particles were deflected through much larger angles than was predicted using Thomson's proposal.

In 1909 Ernest Rutherford discovered that the positive half of atoms was tightly condensed into a nucleus,

Alpha particles were first described in the investigations of radioactivity by Ernest Rutherford in 1899, and by 1907 they were identified as He < sup > 2 +</ sup > ions.

* 1871 – Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand-English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1937 )

The 1904 Thomson model was disproved by the 1909 gold foil experiment, which was interpreted by Ernest Rutherford in 1911

Alpha rays ( alpha particles ) and beta rays ( beta particles ) were differentiated by Ernest Rutherford in 1899 through simple experimentation in 1899, but these proved not to be electromagnetic radiation, but rather charged particulate radiation.

Frederick Soddy ( 2 September 1877 – 22 September 1956 ) was an English radiochemist and monetary economist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions.

In 1900 he became a demonstrator in chemistry at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, where he worked with Ernest Rutherford on radioactivity.

In 1908 Hans Geiger, under the supervision of Ernest Rutherford at the Victoria University of Manchester ( now the University of Manchester ), developed an experimental technique for detecting alpha particles that would later be used in the Geiger-muller tube.

In 1907, Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds demonstrated that alpha particles are helium nuclei by allowing the particles to penetrate the thin glass wall of an evacuated tube, then creating a discharge in the tube to study the spectra of the new gas inside.

Immediately after graduation from Oxford in 1910, Moseley became a demonstrator in physics at the University of Manchester under the supervision of Sir Ernest Rutherford.

Furthermore, as noted by Bohr, Moseley's law provided a reasonably complete experimental set of data that supported the ( new from 1911 ) conception by Ernest Rutherford and Antonius Van den Broek of the atom, with a positively-charged nucleus surrounded by negatively-charged electrons in which the atomic number is understood to be the exact physical number of positive charges ( later discovered and called protons ) in the central atomic nuclei of the elements.

In 1907 Ernest Rutherford published " Radiation of the α Particle from Radium in passing through Matter.

Building upon the nuclear transmutation experiments by Ernest Rutherford, carried out several years earlier, the laboratory fusion of heavy hydrogen isotopes was first accomplished by Mark Oliphant in 1932.

File: Ernest Rutherford 1908. jpg | Ernest Rutherford ( 1871-1937 ): considered " Father of Nuclear Physics ", showed how the atomic nucleus has a positive charge, first to change one element into another by an artificial nuclear reaction, differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation, awarded Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1908

This symbol for the photon probably derives from gamma rays, which were discovered in 1900 by Paul Villard, named by Ernest Rutherford in 1903, and shown to be a form of electromagnetic radiation in 1914 by Rutherford and Edward Andrade.

Alpha rays ( alpha particles ) and beta rays ( beta particles ) were differentiated by Ernest Rutherford through simple experimentation in 1899.

Rutherfordium ( ) is a chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104, named in honor of New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford.

Szilárd knew of chemical chain reactions, and he had been reading about an energy-producing nuclear reaction involving high-energy protons bombarding lithium, demonstrated by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, in 1932.

As demonstrated above, Wells did have some knowledge of atomic physics, and William Ramsay, Ernest Rutherford, and Frederick Soddy's discovery of the disintegration of uranium ; Soddy's book Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt praises The World Set Free.

Along with Ernest Bloch, Bauer was one of the first American composers to experiment with quintal harmony, or harmony based on stacked fifths, as demonstrated in her 1926 solo piano version of Sun Splendor and her writings about it.

* Ernest Rutherford classifies two types of radiation, alpha rays and beta rays.

In 1903, it was Ernest Rutherford who proposed to call Villard's rays gamma rays because they were far more penetrating than the alpha rays and beta rays which he himself had already differentiated and named ( in 1899 ) on the basis of their respective penetrating powers.

Ernest Hemingway, who had the same publisher, accepted the principle that fart could be cut, on the grounds that no one should use words only to shock.

Indeed, at the end of the 19th century scholar Ernest DeWitt Burton wrote that there could be " no reasonable doubt " that 1 John and the gospel were written by the same author, and Amos Wilder has said that, " Early Christian tradition and the great majority of modern scholars have agreed on the common authorship of these writings, even where the author has not been identified with the apostle John.

" In 1931, Ernest W. Brown asserted, using a mathematical formula, that the observed irregularities in the orbit of Uranus could not be due to the gravitational effect of a more distant planet, and thus that Lowell's supposed prediction was " purely accidental.

Following the fire the government prohibited quick rebuilding, so it could implement the new redesign of the city according to the European-style urban plan prepared by a group of architects, including the Briton Thomas Mawson, and headed by French architect Ernest Hébrard.

Though Mackendrick's direction of the actors and his staging of the scenes are at times extraordinary, in recent years critics have praised only the film's dialogue, " courtesy of Ernest Lehman and Clifford Odets, a high-toned street vernacular that no real New Yorker has ever spoken but that every real New Yorker wishes he could ", A. O. Scott wrote

[...] Some of those who did spend time with Erickson, like Jeffrey Zeig, Ernest Rossi, and William O ' Hanlon have tried, I believe, to present and preserve as much as they could what they believed and have understood Erickson's thought and methods to be.

Under semi-Salic law, Victoria could not inherit the German kingdom and duchies unless the entire male line became extinct ; those possessions passed to the next eligible male heir, her uncle Ernest Augustus I of Hanover, the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale — the fifth son of George III.

Ernest Augustus's wife, Sophia of the Palatinate, was declared heiress of the throne of Great Britain ( then England and Scotland ) by the Act of Settlement of 1701, which decreed Roman Catholics could not accede to the throne.

Working in collaboration with Sir Ernest Rutherford, he used radioactive decay in minerals to estimate, in 1913, that the beginning of the Devonian period could not be less than 400 million years ago, an estimate which is in line with modern calculations.

He tried to find support among psychoanalysts in the UK so that he could settle there, and was interviewed in London by Ernest Jones ( 1879 – 1958 ), Melanie Klein ( 1882 – 1960 ), Joan Riviere ( 1883 – 1962 ), and James Strachey ( 1887 – 1967 ).

In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish that you would recoil in horror at the thought that this frightful creature could be a daughter of our Tsar.

This, along with the fact that both teams were owned by the Canadian Arena Company by 1935 ( Ernest Savard and Maurice Forget, who owned the Canadiens, were part of the Canadian Arena Company, as were Maroons owners James Strachan and Donat Raymond ) made it obvious that only one team could represent Montreal.

Although the post could have been a sinecure, Ernest involved himself in the affairs of the regiment and led it on manoeuvres.

However, they were sent too late: the French defeated Prussia and Sweden at the Battle of Stralsund before Ernest and his forces could reach the town.

In that year Ernest Marples, the Transport minister, was asked in the Commons if he could make a statement about the issue of car parking in play street ; he responded by indicating that he had only occasionally received complaints about parking issues in play streets.

A girlhood friend of Wallis Warfield, Mary Kirk was a bridesmaid at Warfield's first wedding and introduced her to Ernest Simpson in 1925 ; she also was the other woman with whom Simpson took a hotel suite in Berkshire in order to give his wife, Wallis, evidence of adultery to so she could bring divorce proceedings against him.

When his father died in 1806, he succeeded in the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld as " Ernest III ", but could not take over the formal government of his lands, because the duchy was occupied by Napoleonic troops and was under French administration.

His father-in-law Ernest Moore immediately telephoned the steward at the Glamorganshire and asked to him lay on as many drinks as he could find and the whole family went down to celebrate in style at the clubhouse.

While USN Fleet Admiral Ernest King was a strong believer in " Europe First ", contrary to British perceptions, his natural aggression did not permit him to leave resources idle in the Atlantic that could be utilized in the Pacific, especially when " it was doubtful when — if ever — the British would consent to a cross-Channel operation ".

The medal has on occasion been awarded to multiple people at a time ; in 1938 it was won by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton " for their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles ", in 1981 by Peter Higgs and Tom Kibble " for their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory ", in 1982 by Drummond Matthews and Frederick Vine " for their elucidation of the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which subsequently led to the plate tectonic hypothesis " and in 1988 by Archibald Howie and M. J. Whelan " for their contributions to the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy, and its application to the study of lattice defects in crystals ".

Only relatives of winger Billy Meredith, wing-half Dick Duckworth and club secretary Ernest Mangnall could not be found.

Ernest could also incorporate several remaining estates of the extinct House of Henneberg in 1660, which had been vacant since 1583.

The appointment of Ernest Fox Nichols as the 10th president in the Wheelock Succession could be seen as both a reflection of the times and a tribute to the quality of Dartmouth's faculty.

Also, as Ernest Bernbaum argues in " Mrs. Behn's ' Oroonoko '", everything substantive in Oroonoko could have come from accounts by William Byam and George Warren that were circulating in London in the 1660s.