It was against this backdrop that Espartero's political opponents, the moderates, mobilised support to amend the progressive Constitution of 1837.

Although Espartero's regime ( 1840 – 1843 ) in reality had done little for Spain's poor, the anti-radical reaction of the moderates made the former regent a folk hero among many of the workers.

Espartero's popular support enabled him to crush moderate military uprisings across Spain in 1841.

In 1840, for the part he had taken at Seville in the insurrection against Baldomero Espartero, Count of Luchana and the Progresista party, he was compelled to take refuge in France, where, in conjunction with Maria Cristina, he planned the expedition of 1843 which led to Espartero's overthrow.

Espartero's ruthless bombardment of the city crushed this revolutionary threat.

Also as Salieri aged he moved slowly away from his more liberal political stances as he saw the enlightened reform of Joseph II's reign, and the hoped for reforms of the French revolution, replaced with more radical revolutionary ideas.

The conservative McCarthy era raised questions about the liberal ideas at the roots of the progressive reforms.

The next few years were dominated by tensions between various liberal assemblies and a right-wing monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms.

Hayek recommended liberal economic reforms similar to Chile's for the Keynesian economy in the United Kingdom to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.

Espartero, operating on his popularity as a war hero and his sobriquet " Pacifier of Spain ", demanded liberal reforms from Maria Cristina.

Venizelos initiated a major reform program, including a new and more liberal constitution and reforms in the spheres of public administration, education and economy.

At the conclusion of the " Informbiro period ", reforms rendered Yugoslavia considerably more religiously liberal than the Eastern Bloc states.

The latter has also come true ; as in the developed world, through liberal reforms, trade unions won many concessions, improving the situation of the workers ( something that Marx considered very unlikely ); in the more populated parts of the world such as Africa, India, and China the populations continue to grow and all the industry is moving there if it has not already established itself in the last two decades.

In 1968 prominent liberal theologians in the Roman Catholic Church issued what is now known as the Nijmegen Statement, demanding sweeping reforms in the Vatican's Holy Office, previously known as The Inquisition, and calling for greater scope for theological inquiry.

From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost ( openness ) and perestroika ( restructuring ) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation in the country and democratise the government.

Many of the reforms the more liberal Alexander II had pushed through were reversed.

In 2010, several liberal congressmen raised accusations about the FSLN presumably attempting to buy votes in order to pass constitutional reforms that would allow Ortega to run for office for the 6th time since 1984.

* 1093: when the Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, the conservative faction that had followed Sima Guang is ousted from court, the liberal reforms of Wang Anshi reinstated, and Emperor Zhezong of Song halted all negotiations with the Tanguts of the Western Xia, resuming in armed conflict with them.

In 1847 he moved again to London, where he wrote a long " open letter " to Pope Pius IX, whose apparently liberal reforms had gained him a momentary status as possible paladin of the unification of Italy.

The 70s were then seen as a time of liberal reforms in social policy.

The 19th century was marked by the emergence of a liberal opposition press, the abolition of guild monopolies in trade and manufacturing in favor of free enterprise, the introduction of taxation and voting reforms, the installation of a national military service, and the rise in the electorate of three major party groups — Social Democratic Party, Liberal Party, and Conservative Party.

In the autumn of 1904, liberals started a series of banquets celebrating the 40th anniversary of the liberal court statutes and calling for political reforms and establishment of a constitution.

A number of liberal social reforms were instituted whilst the welfare state was significantly expanded ( with total public spending on social programs nearly doubling between 1969 and 1975 ), with health, housing, and social welfare legislation bringing about welcome improvements, and by the end of the Brandt Chancellorship West Germany had one of the most advanced systems of welfare in the world.

In response to a deteriorating economy, Ratsiraka relaxed socialist economic policies and instituted some liberal, private-sector reforms.

Pope Gregory and Cardinal Lambruschini opposed basic technological innovations such as gas lighting and railways, believing that they would promote commerce and increase the power of the bourgeoisie, leading to demands for liberal reforms which would undermine the monarchical power of the Pope over central Italy.

There were hopes that this would change when Pope Pius IX was elected to succeed Gregory and began to introduce liberal reforms.

She used her influence to institute liberal reforms.

He was especially popular in the Kingdom of Sardinia because of his respect for the new constitution and his liberal reforms.

Such reforms can also be used to add a sprinkling of liberal legitimacy for the regime and open the country to external capital.

There were liberal provisions for dispensation where documents or records were lacking.

As the 87th Congress began its sessions last week, liberal Democrats were ready for a finish fight to open the sluice gates controlled by the House Rules Committee and permit the free flow of liberal legislation to the floor.

The fact is incontestable: that liberal world of Unitarian Boston was narrow-minded, intellectually sterile, smug, afraid of the logical consequences of its own mild ventures into iconoclasm, and quite prepared to resort to hysterical repressions when its brittle foundations were threatened.

There they studied books in both English and Latin and " devoted themselves to writing, to such an extent .... they were seen to be devoted and intelligent students of the liberal arts.

Alongside these liberal and left-wing efforts, a small group of conservative institutions were born in Ann Arbor.

Due, however, to their satiric and overtly liberal political inclinations, both operas were seen as unsuitable for public performance in the politically reactive cultures of Leopold II and later Francis II.

Ben Adret, with the approval of other prominent Spanish rabbis, sent a letter to the community at Montpellier proposing to forbid the study of philosophy to those who were less than twenty-five years of age, and, in spite of keen opposition from the liberal section, a decree in this sense was issued by Ben Adret in 1305.

While the 1960s were the heyday of liberal activism in Berkeley, it remains one of the most overwhelmingly Democratic cities in the United States.

The Spanish Constitution of 1812, and the legislation passed by the Cádiz Cortes after it was set up in 1808, created a number of liberal political and commercial policies, which were welcomed in Cuba but also curtailed a number of previous political and commercial liberties.

Nevertheless, the liberal regime and the Constitution proved to be ephemeral: they were suppressed by Ferdinand VII when he returned to the throne in 1814.

As a result, the national militia of Cuba, established by the Constitution and a potential instrument for liberal agitation, was dissolved, a permanent executive military commission under the orders of the governor was created, newspapers were closed, elected provincial representatives were removed and other liberties suppressed.

believed that the protest efforts at Columbia were responsible for pushing higher education further toward the liberal left.

Burke's views were a mixture of liberal and conservative, with the crucial caveat that the meaning of these terms in this time period was markedly different from popular conceptions of the present day.

Herbert Spencer in Britain and William Graham Sumner were the leading neo-classical liberal theorists of the 19th century.

According to Sagan, they were Reform Jews, the more liberal of Judaism's three main groups.

Other significant contrasts were seen in regards to " liberal " versus " conservative " social positions, as well as in one ’ s understanding of God, with 43 % of homosexual participants sharing the " orthodox, biblical " understanding of God which 71 % of heterosexual participants indicate they do.

In 1848, several revolutions broke out in Europe as rulers were confronted with popular demands for liberal constitutions and more democratic government.

Such omissions were held against him during the liberal climate of the 1960s and 1970s.

Particularly since hardliners among the monarchs were the main adversaries, demands for freedom of the press and other liberal rights were most often uttered in connection with the demand for a united Germany, even though many revolutionaries-to-be had different opinions whether a republic or a constitutional monarchy would be the best solution for Germany.

Brubaker notes that,, there were also academic books or articles on the Dixie, white, liberal, gay, queer and digital diasporas.

As more and more of its demands were met during the 1990s – such as the direct popular election of Taiwan's president and all representatives in its Legislative Yuan, and open discussion of Taiwan's repressive past as represented in the 2-28 Incident and its long martial law aftermath – a greater variety of views could be advocated in the more liberal political atmosphere.