Espionage or spying involves a government or individual obtaining information that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information.

Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern, however the term is generally associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies primarily for military purposes.

Another significant development in U. S. law is the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 (), which makes the theft or misappropriation of a trade secret a federal crime.

Sometimes the federal anti-theft-of-government-property law is used to prosecute cases where the Espionage Act would otherwise be involved ; the theory being that by retaining sensitive information, the defendant has taken a ' thing of value ' from the government.

Espionage normally is not reconnaissance, because reconnaissance is a military force's operating ahead of its main forces ; spies are non-combatants operating behind enemy lines.

Spynet is a CBC Television children's show, which features Sam, played by Kim Schraner, as a spy operative for a fictional Canadian spy agency, the National Espionage Task-Force ( NET ).

The Espionage Act of 1917 () is a United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U. S. entry into World War I.

A March 1984 government report had noted that " the unauthorized publication of classified information is a routine daily occurrence in the U. S ." but that the applicability of the Espionage Act to such disclosures " is not entirely clear ".

Espionage historian Chapman Pincher obtained a copy of the letter, and used former MI5 officers Peter Wright and Arthur Martin as his main additional secret sources, to write the sensational book Their Trade is Treachery in 1981.

In the United States, this type of activity is forbidden by the Uniform Trade Secrets Act and the Economic Espionage Act of 1996.

is an overhead stealth action game ( officially promoted as a " Tactical Espionage Game ") that was originally released by Konami in for the MSX2 computer standard exclusively in Japan.

Though the legislation enacted in 1918 is commonly called the Sedition Act, it was actually a set of amendments to the Espionage Act.

The Cuckoo's Egg: Tracking a Spy Through the Maze of Computer Espionage is a 1989 book written by Clifford Stoll.

( Zonal Organization for World Intelligence and Espionage ), is brought out of retirement to deal with the threat of Galaxy, a world-wide organization led by a trio of mad scientists: Doctor Krupov ( Rhys Williams ), Doctor Wu ( Peter Brocco ), and Doctor Schneider ( Benson Fong ).

Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage ( ISBN 0-06-103004-X ), published in 1998 by Sherry Sontag, Christopher Drew, and Annette Lawrence Drew, is a non-fiction book about U. S. Navy submarine operations during the Cold War.

According to John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, writing in their book, In Denial: Historians, Communism & Espionage, the historiography of Soviet and Communist studies is characterized by a split between " traditionalists " and " revisionists ".

Chapter 14, " War is the Health of the State ", covers World War I and the anti-war movement that happened during it, which was met with the heavily enforced Espionage Act of 1917.

The film is based upon the 1979 book The Falcon and the Snowman: A True Story of Friendship and Espionage by Robert Lindsey, and features the song " This Is Not America ", written and performed by David Bowie and the Pat Metheny Group.

Phantom Girl's powers serve her well as member of the Legion's Espionage Squad, and she is involved romantically with fellow Legionnaire Ultra Boy for many years.

* Espionage clandestine reporting, access agents, couriers, cutouts ;

Revolutionary teams displayed secret documents purportedly taken from the embassy, sometimes painstakingly reconstructed after shredding, to buttress their claim that " the Great Satan " ( the U. S .) was trying to destabilize the new regime, and that Iranian moderates were in league with the U. S. The documents were published in a series of books called Documents from the US Espionage Den ().

For giving an anti-war speech in Bowman, North Dakota, O ' Hare was arrested and taken to prison by federal authorities for violating the Espionage Act of 1917, an act criminalizing interference with recruitment and enlistment of military personnel.

In the first week of July 1937 Orwell arrived back at Wallington ; on 13 July 1937 a deposition was presented to the Tribunal for Espionage & High Treason, Valencia, charging the Orwells with ' rabid Trotskyism ', and being agents of the POUM.

The Espionage Act of 1917 imposed a maximum sentence of twenty years for anyone who caused or attempted to cause " insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States.

In 1917, one hundred and sixty-five IWW leaders were arrested for conspiring to hinder the draft, encourage desertion, and intimidate others in connection with labor disputes, under the new Espionage Act ; one hundred and one went on trial before Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis in 1918.

* Simon Kitson, The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2008.

In 1917 Chaplin and some 100 other Wobblies were rounded up, convicted, and jailed under the Espionage Act for conspiring to hinder the draft and encourage desertion.

In Schenck, the petitioners, members of the Socialist Party, were convicted of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 for printing and distributing circulars asserting that American citizens had a right to oppose the draft during World War I because, among other things, it violated the United States Constitution.

The Committee studied and made recommendations on the " culture of secrecy " that pervaded the United States government and its intelligence community for 80 years, beginning with the Espionage Act of 1917, and made recommendations on the statutory regulation of classified information.

Nearing authored a series of pamphlets, published by the Rand School, one of which, The Great Madness: A Victory for the American Plutocracy, resulted in his indictment under the Espionage Act for alleged " obstruction to the recruiting and enlistment service of the United States.

Section 793 of the Espionage Act was cited by Attorney General John N. Mitchell as cause for the United States to sue to bar further publication of stories based upon the Pentagon Papers.

The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 gave the American authorities the right to close newspapers and jailed individuals for having anti-war views.

Court decisions of this era changed the standard for enforcing some provisions of the Espionage Act.

The Supreme Court in New York Times Co. v. United States found that the government had not made a successful case for prior restraint of Free Speech, but a majority of the justices ruled that the government could still prosecute the Times and the Post for violating the Espionage Act in publishing the documents.

Kenneth Wayne Ford Jr. was indicted under the Espionage Act for allegedly having a box of documents in his house after he left NSA employment around 2004.

Warrants were issued for the arrest of Rutherford and seven other Watch Tower directors, who were charged under the 1917 Espionage Act of attempting to cause insubordination, disloyalty, refusal of duty in the armed forces and obstructing the recruitment and enlistment service of the U. S. while it was at war.

He was originally charged with five Espionage Act counts for doing this.

The local United States Attorney secured a felony indictment of Pettigrew for suspicion of violating the Espionage Act of 1917, the same charge for which Socialist leader Eugene V. Debs was then presently serving a ten-year Federal prison sentence.

His trial for the murder of Frank Steunenberg in 1907 ( of which he was acquitted ) drew national attention ; in 1918, he was one of 101 IWW members convicted of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 during the First Red Scare.

In the years following the Red Scare of 1919-20, a variety of leftists, either anarchists, sympathizers with the Bolshevik Revolution, labor activists, or members of a communist or socialist party, were convicted for violating the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 on the basis of their writings or statements.

The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ( 2008 ).