Prince William left Albania on 3 September 1914, as a result of the Peasant Revolt initiated by Essad Pasha and later taken over by Haxhi Qamili.

** Essad Pasha Toptani, nominal ruler of Albania, is assassinated by Avni Rustemi in Paris.

* June 13 – Essad Pasha, Prime Minister of Albania ( b. 1863 )

File: Essad Pasha's flag. png | Republic of Central Albania, short-lived unrecognised state created by Essad Pasha Toptani.

On 21 February 1914 a delegation of Albanian notables and arbëreshë ones ( ruled by Luigi Baffa and Vincenzo Baffa Trasci ), led by Essad Pasha Toptani, made a formal request, which he accepted thereby becoming By the grace of the powers and the will of the people the Prince ( Mbret ) of Albania.

This first cabinet was dominated by members of nobility ( prince Essad Pasha Toptani defence and foreign affairs, prince George Adamidi bey Frachery finances, prince Aziz pacha Vrioni agriculture ).

Immediately following his arrival revolts of Muslims broke out in central Albania against his Chief Minister, Essad Pasha, and against foreign domination.

William's position was also undermined by own officials, notably Essad Pasha himself, who accepted money from Italy to finance a revolt and to stage a coup against William.

Essad Pasha Toptani or Esad Pasha Toptani (, ca.

1863 – June 13, 1920 ), primarily known as Essad Pasha, was Ottoman army officer, Albanian deputy in Ottoman parliament and politician in the early twentieth century in Albania.

Essad Pasha was born in 1863 in Tirana, Ottoman Empire ( today Republic of Albania ).

During the Albanian Revolt of 1912 Essad Pasha Toptani obliged himself to organize the uprising in Central Albania and Mirdita.

Essad Pasha was allowed in return to leave the town with his army and all their weaponry to become involved in the struggle over power in central Albania.

Official Serbia simultaneously helped a number of other small tribal chiefs who resisted Ismail Qemali's government, directing them towards cooperation with Essad Pasha.

In October 1914 Essad Pasha returned to Albania.

For the next two years, Essad Pasha remained in Paris, attempting to organize recognition for Albania from the Great Powers and reject the secret pact of London, which planned the division of Albania.

On June 13, 1920, Avni Rustemi assassinated Essad Pasha in Paris when he left Hotel Continental.

Although living in Paris and away from legislative governing of Albania, Essad Pasha claimed to still be the ruler of the state and attempted to represent Albania in the Paris Peace Conference.

* Biodata on Essad Pasha by O. S.

ca: Essad Pasha Toptani

When the Great Powers recognized an independent Albania, they also established the International Commission of Control, which endeavored to expand its authority and elbow out the Vlorë provisional government and the rival government of Essad Pasha Toptani, who enjoyed the support of large landowners in central Albania and boasted a formidable militia.

* Essad Pasha Toptani

He was overthrown by Essad Pasha in 1914, and then by the Congress of Lushnjë in 1920.

One of the most famous victims of Raynaud's Syndrome was Essad Bey ( Lev Nussimbaum ), immortalized in Tom Reiss ' biography of his life, The Orientalist.

Vacca was a friend of Essad Bey as well as his drug dealer and he was expelled from Egypt in 1938 on charges of drug dealing and arms smuggling.

In 1944-two years after Essad Bey's death, it was Vacca who arranged for the translation of " Ali and Nino " into Italian for the first time.

Vacca tried to make the case that he himself was related to Essad Bey, four generations back-the implication being that Vacca himself was " sole survivor " and, thus, in line to inherit Essad Bey's wealth.

Vacca claimed that the creation of the name “ Kurban Said ” was totally accidental — the result of a misunderstanding — which later became a private joke between him and Essad Bey.

" Essad Bey was conversing with someone when Vacca arrived.

Vacca continued: It turned out that it was a foreigner — a tourist — who had been talking with Essad Bey.

He misunderstood the custom and thought I was introducing myself as “ Kurban Said .” And so the foreigner had smiled and replied: “ Nice to meet you, Mr. Kurban Said .” “ Ever since then, Essad Bey jokingly called me ‘ Kurban Said ,’ and when he was looking for a pseudonym for the novel, he asked me if he could use it and I agreed .”

Lev Nussimbaum ( Kiev, 1905 – Positano, 1942 ), who wrote under the name Mohammad Essad Bey, was a writer and journalist, born in Kiev to a Jewish family, who spent his childhood in Baku before fleeing the Bolsheviks in 1920 at the age of 14.

Furthermore, the fact that Essad Bey was so prolific calls into question the authorship of these books and whether Essad Bey was primarily operating as a broker and doctoring manuscripts and marketing them under his name, which by then had become famous.

Vacca also is the person who arranged and financed the Muslim-style gravestone capped with a stone-carved turban for Essad Bey, who is buried in the sea coast town of Positano, Italy.

When the Bolsheviks published its secret provisions in 1917, he rejected the idea of Albania as merely a small Muslim state, the fiefdom he believed of Essad Pasha.

On September 17, 1914, Pašić and Albanian leader Essad Pasha Toptani signed in Niš the secret Treaty of Serbian-Albanian Alliance .< ref >

* Mohammed Essad Safvet-Effendi, Turkish Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, awarded the 2nd Class ( for non-Christians ), September 14, 1855

Lev Nussimbaum, who wrote in German under the penname of Essad Bey, is also linked to the pseudonym “ Kurban Said ,” and by some observers to the novel " Ali and Nino.

For example, Essad Bey suggests that any woman who commits adultery should be tied up in a sack with a wild cat and thrown into the Bosphorus, or buried up to her head in the desert sands to be devoured at night by wild dogs.

At one point, Nussimbaum was requested to write an official biography of Benito Mussolini .. Essad Bey's works, many of which he claimed were biographies, are discredited by historians and literary critics and rarely referenced today except to point out how unreliable they are.

Blood and Oil in the Orient was the first book written by Essad Bey, penname for Lev Nussimbaum ( 1905-1942 ).