The Germanic peoples ( also called Teutonic or Gothic in older literature ) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.

However, since the mid-1980s, the Russian gothic fiction was discussed in a books like „ The Gothic-Fantastic in Nineteenth-Century Russian Literature “, „ European Gothic: A Spirited Exchange 1760-1960 “ and „ The Russian Gothic novel and its British antecedents “.

While its influence continued to be felt in small ways in some west European states, the Gothic language and culture largely disappeared during the Middle Ages.

In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture — and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking world's equivalent of European Rococo.

Many early typefaces were modelled on local forms of writing or derived from the various European forms of Gothic script, but there were also some derived from documentary scripts ( such as most of Caxton's types ), and, particularly in Italy, types modelled on handwritten scripts and calligraphy employed by humanists.

The word " Gothic " was applied as a pejorative term to all things Northern European and, hence, barbarian, probably first by Giorgio Vasari.

It was quite unique and different from the contemporary Renaissance architecture elsewhere in Europe, though some researches call that style ' Russian Gothic ' and compare it with the European Gothic architecture of the earlier period.

Wrocław is now a unique European city of mixed heritage, with architecture influenced by Bohemian, Austrian and Prussian traditions, such as Silesian Gothic and its Baroque style of court builders of Habsburg Austria ( Fischer von Erlach ).

Over the following centuries the three terms grotesque, moresque and arabesque were used largely interchangeably in English, French and German for styles of decoration derived at least as much from the European past as the Islamic world, with " grotesque " gradually acquiring its main modern meaning, related more to Gothic gargoyles and caricature than to either Pompeii-style Roman painting or Islamic patterns.

The famous late Gothic series of seven tapestry hangings The Hunt of the Unicorn are a high point in European tapestry manufacture, combining both secular and religious themes.

In later centuries, many Central European cultural influences travelled to Iberia through the Way of St. James, from the Gothic and Romanesque styles, to the Occitan lyric poetry.

Later, Scott went beyond copying mediaeval English gothic for his Victorian Gothic or Gothic Revival buildings, and began to introduce features from other styles and European countries as evidenced in his Midland red-brick construction, the Midland Grand Hotel at London's St Pancras Station, from which approach Scott believed a new style might emerge.

It belongs to the famous European Route of Brick Gothic, a route which leads through seven countries along the Baltic Sea coast.

Due to the influence of these tales, the Fountain of Youth legend was popular in courtly Gothic art, appearing for example on the ivory Casket with Scenes of Romances ( Walters 71264 ) and several ivory mirror-cases, and remained popular through the European Age of Exploration.

Skinny Puppy were scheduled to perform at numerous European festivals in the summer of 2010, including the Amphi Festival in Germany, the 2010 Waregem Gothic Festival in Belgium, and the Recession Festival in Denmark.

The architects designed the crypt chapels in Norman, Romanesque, and Transitional styles predating the Gothic, as though the cathedral had been built as a successor to earlier churches, a common occurrence in European cathedrals.

It is neo Gothic in design, based on the old European medieval cathedrals but much of the outide wallspace is without decoration.

These and later influences made him a transitional figure in the history of European art ; his work shows a pronounced midcareer shift from the Gothic style to that of the Italian Renaissance.

For several years, Jorn toured around Scandinavia and Europe with photographer Gérard Franceschi, former photographer for French writer and onetime culture minister André Malraux on his Musée imaginaire project, photographing ancient, Romanesque, Scandinavian, and Gothic figurative and decorative motifs in order to trace the connections between Scandinavian and European motifs.

With a resemblance to European Gothic cathedrals, the structure was labeled the Cathedral of Commerce by the Reverend S. Parkes Cadman during the opening ceremony, although it was maligned by others due to its eclecticism.

In the 1830s, the Gothic revival promoted in England what once had been a truly international European style.

The world's largest derivatives exchanges ( by number of transactions ) are the Korea Exchange ( which lists KOSPI Index Futures & Options ), Eurex ( which lists a wide range of European products such as interest rate & index products ), and CME Group ( made up of the 2007 merger of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade and the 2008 acquisition of the New York Mercantile Exchange ).

The European Exchange Rate Mechanism attempted to minimize fluctuations between member state currencies and the ECU.

European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange.

The network is linked to other European and worldwide NRENs through GEANT and peers extensively with other ISPs at Internet Exchange Points in the UK.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

* 1992 – Black Wednesday: the Pound Sterling is forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism by currency speculators and is forced to devalue against the German mark.

* Margaret Thatcher who had been the United Kingdom's Prime Minister since 1979 resigned as Prime Minister on 22 November 1990 after being challenged for the leadership of the Conservative Party by Michael Heseltine because of widespread opposition to the introduction of the controversial Community Charge and the fact that her key allies such as Nigel Lawson and Geoffrey Howe resigned over the deeply sensitive issues of the Maastricht Treaty and Margaret Thatcher's resistance to Britain joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.

* The European Exchange Rate Mechanism is put in crisis, mainly from speculation against the French franc.

* September 16 – Black Wednesday: The pound sterling and the Italian lira are forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.

Currently there are six exchanges trading in UNFCCC related carbon credits: the Chicago Climate Exchange ( until 2010 ), European Climate Exchange, NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe, PowerNext, Commodity Exchange Bratislava and the European Energy Exchange.

* European Internet Exchange Association ( Euro-IX )

Major European examples of stock exchanges include the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Paris Bourse, and the Deutsche Börse ( Frankfurt Stock Exchange ).

A member of the England team who won the World Cup and Ballon d ' Or for European Footballer of the Year in 1966, he played almost all of his club football at Manchester United, where he became renowned for his attacking instincts and passing abilities from midfield and his ferocious long-range shot.

In 1968, he captained the Manchester United team that won the European Cup, scoring two goals in the final to help his team be the first English side to win the competition.

A successful ( though trophyless ) season with Manchester United had seen him take the honours of Football Writers ' Association Footballer of the Year and European Footballer Of The Year into the competition.

In 1968, Manchester United reached the European Cup final, ten seasons after Munich.

The rivalry between the clubs intensified during the 1960s, after Manchester United became the first English team to win the European Cup in 1968, an achievement surpassed by Liverpool's four European Cup victories in the 1970s and 1980s.

In 1968, under the management of Matt Busby, Manchester United was the first English football club to win the European Cup.

In 1957, Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup, despite objections from The Football League, who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season.

The following season, on the way home from a European Cup quarter-final victory against Red Star Belgrade, the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players, officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich, Germany.

In 1968, Manchester United became the first English ( and second British ) club to win the European Cup, beating Benfica 4 – 1 in the final with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best.

The following season, Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners ' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup, beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1 – 0 in the final at Old Trafford.

Manchester United has the third highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund and FC Barcelona.

The European premiere was directed by Howard Lloyd-Lewis ( Library Theatre, Manchester ) at Wythenshawe Forum in 1986 with choreography by Paul Kerryson who subsequently directed productions in 1993 and 2006 at Leicester Haymarket Theatre.

The 1958 European premiere at the Manchester Opera House transferred to London, where it opened at Her Majesty's Theatre in the West End on Friday December 12, 1958 and ran until June 1961 with a total of 1, 039 performances.

* May 29 – Football: Manchester United wins the European Cup Final, becoming the first English team to do so.

* February 6 – Seven Manchester United footballers are among the 21 people killed in the Munich air disaster in West Germany on the return flight from a European Cup game in Yugoslavia.

Further highlights include his presence in the Estádio Nacional in Lisbon as Celtic overcame Internazionale in the 1967 European Cup Final, at Wembley as Manchester United defeated Benfica to capture the 1968 European Cup and also the BBC's main man at the 1970 World Cup, commentating on the final between Brazil and Italy.

* link = European route E20-: Shannon – Limerick – Dublin … Liverpool – Manchester – Leeds – Kingston upon Hull … Esbjerg – Copenhagen – Malmö – Helsingborg – Halmstad – Gothenburg – Örebro – Stockholm … Tallinn – Narva – Saint Petersburg

* link = European route E22 –: Holyhead – Chester – Warrington – Manchester – Leeds – Doncaster – Immingham … Amsterdam – Groningen – Bremen – Hamburg – Lübeck – Rostock – Sassnitz … Trelleborg – Malmö – Kalmar – Norrköping … Ventspils – Riga – Rēzekne – Velikiye Luki – Moscow – Vladimir – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Yelabuga – Perm – ( Asia ) – Yekaterinburg – Tyumen – Ishim

Best was dubbed " The Fifth Beatle " and " O Quinto Beatle " by the Portuguese press after scoring twice for Manchester United in a 5 – 1 victory at Estádio da Luz against Benfica in the 1965 – 66 European Cup quarter-finals, mainly due to his Beatles-style " mop " haircut.

The British established No. 1 Parachute Training School at RAF Ringway near Manchester, which trained all 60, 000 European paratroopers recruited by the Allies during World War II.