Techniques to do this include the process of sputtering, in which an ion beam liberates atoms from a target, allowing them to move through the intervening space and deposit on the desired substrate, and Evaporation ( deposition ), in which a material is evaporated from a target using either heat ( thermal evaporation ) or an electron beam ( e-beam evaporation ) in a vacuum system.

Mechanical Evaporation uses high-efficiency vacuum processes to produce high-purity, fine-and coarse-grained salt products for commercial, agricultural, and industrial applications.

Evaporation of water occurs when the surface of the liquid is exposed, allowing molecules to escape and form water vapor ; this vapor can then rise up and form clouds.

Evaporation can be assessed by candling, to view the size of the air sac, or by measuring weight loss.

Evaporation ( E ) can be calculated as ;

* Evaporation: this can be slowed down by blowing bubbles in a wet atmosphere, or by adding some sugar to the water.

Evaporation from Lake Minnetonka can be as high as a day.

Evaporation can either be solar evaporation or using some heating device.

Evaporation can lead to a build up of minerals in the water, resulting in a saline conditions, making these lakes sensitive to pressures from pollution.

Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure.

Evaporation processes are also more tolerant of organics, hydrocarbons, or hardness salts.

Evaporation losses during glass melting should be considered during the selection of the raw materials, e. g., sodium selenite may be preferred over easily evaporating SeO < sub > 2 </ sub >.

* Evaporation: The evaporation of the warmer water reduces the mass of the water to be frozen.

Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and sea ice melting influence surface salinity values.

Evaporation is a surface phenomenon in which molecules located near the liquid's edge, not contained by enough liquid pressure on that side, escape into the surroundings as vapor.

Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that only occurs on the surface of a liquid.

Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle.

Evaporation is an important part of the water cycle.

Evaporation from the sea is extreme due to year-round high temperatures.

Evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation and river runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin.

Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and salinity to increase eastward.

Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.

Evaporation of this dirty ice releases dust particles, which travel with the gas away from the nucleus.

The pumps drove some of the water of the Great Salt Lake into the 320, 000-acre ( 1300-square kilometer ) Newfoundland Evaporation Basin in the desert west of the lake.

Evaporation of sweat from the skin surface has a cooling effect due to the latent heat of evaporation of water.

Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the soil, canopy interception, and waterbodies.

* Book number 4: Operation Evaporation.

Inventor of Multiple Evaporation and Its Application to the Sugar Industry.

Evaporation during the dry season around the coastal areas greatly reduces the flow of the rivers.

Evaporation accounts for 42 % of the outflow of the lake, which leaves the lake slightly saline.

Evaporation cools the incoming air, causing a downdraft of cool air that will bring down the temperature inside the building.

; Evaporation: The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere.

Evaporation often implicitly includes transpiration from plants, though together they are specifically referred to as evapotranspiration.

The silver chloride was fused under vacuum in the presence of aluminum chips with the resultant product of Af which was sublimed into a flask on the vacuum line.

The mixture was then extracted with alkali and with water following which the carbon tetrachloride was distilled on a Vigreux column, a 25% center cut being retained which was then degassed under vacuum in the presence of Af.

This creates a vacuum between the hands, arms and head which, with a vertical entry, will pull down and under any splash until deep enough to have minimal effect on the surface of the water ( the so-called " rip entry ").

In the power vacuum that arose following Christopher's death ( 1448 ), Sweden elected Charles VIII king with the intent to reestablish the union under a Swedish crown.

Unlike lithium and sodium, however, potassium should not be stored under oil for longer than 6 months, unless in an inert ( oxygen free ) atmosphere, or under vacuum.

This process is done under vacuum in order to create a plasma.

The phase velocity of electromagnetic radiation may – under certain circumstances ( for example anomalous dispersion ) – exceed the speed of light in a vacuum, but this does not indicate any superluminal information or energy transfer.

The vacuum is symmetric under SU ( 2 ) isospin rotations of up and down, and to a lesser extent under rotations of up, down and strange, or full flavor group SU ( 3 ), and the observed particles make isospin and SU ( 3 ) multiplets.

Conventional SEM requires samples to be imaged under vacuum, but methods have been developed that allow imaging biological samples.

Cryo-fixed specimens may be cryo-fractured under vacuum in a special apparatus to reveal internal structure, sputter-coated, and transferred onto the SEM cryo-stage while still frozen.

Conventional SEM requires samples to be imaged under vacuum, because a gas atmosphere rapidly spreads and attenuates electron beams.

Measurements of Mercury's exosphere, which is practically a vacuum, revealed more ions derived from water than scientists had expected .< ref > from the WayBackMachine archive of < nowiki > http :// www. planetary. org / news </ nowiki > for 13 October 2008 ; the MESSENGER selection under PLANETARY NEWS </ ref > All of these observations are consistent with water ice and / or other volatiles being available to hypothetical far future colonists of Mercury.

By impregnating the transformer with epoxy under a vacuum, one can replace air spaces within the windings with epoxy, thus sealing the windings and helping to prevent the possible formation of corona and absorption of dirt or water.

The system is usually baked, preferably under vacuum, to temporarily raise the vapour pressure of all outgassing materials in the system and boil them off.

Because of the low energy of Auger electrons, most AES setups are run under ultra-high vacuum ( UHV ) conditions.

This apparatus is sometimes confused with the Crookes radiometer of 1873, in which vanes turn in a partial vacuum under the influence of low pressure gas molecules and not directly by the photons themselves.

Bear in mind that glassware under vacuum will also have around one atmosphere of pressure on its surface before heating and so will be more likely to fracture as temperature transitions increase.

The latter is prone to occurring when the system is under vacuum.

Using greases specifically designed for this purpose is also a good idea, as these are often better at sealing under vacuum, thicker and so less likely to flow out of the taper, become fluidic at higher temperatures than Vaseline ( a common substitute ) and are more chemically inert than other substitutes.

Glass under vacuum becomes more sensitive to chips and scratches in its surface, as these form strain accumulation points, so older glass is best avoided if possible.

Impacts to the glass and thermally induced stresses are also concerns under vacuum.

Round bottom flasks more effectively spread the stress across their surfaces, and are therefore safer when working under vacuum.