Evolutionary concepts such as inclusive fitness may help explain seeming limitations of a concept such as egoism which is of fundamental importance to realist and rational choice international relations theories.

Professor Martin Nowak, Director of the Program for Evolutionary Dynamics at Harvard University, was awarded a grant for the “ Foundational Questions in Evolutionary Biology ” initiative, which seeks to advance fundamental questions in the context of evolutionary biology and to generate new understanding in the origins of biological creativity, the deep logics of biological dynamics and ontology, and the concepts of teleology and ultimate purpose in the context of evolutionary biology.

" Evolutionary epistemology " can refer to a branch of epistemology that applies the concepts of biological evolution to the growth of animal and human cognition.

" Evolutionary epistemology " can also refer to a theory that applies the concepts of biological evolution to the growth of human knowledge, and argues that units of knowledge themselves, particularly scientific theories, evolve according to selection.

The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology, ISBN 0-674-27225-0

Evolutionary ethics concerns approaches to ethics ( morality ) based on the role of evolution in shaping human psychology and behavior.

" Evolutionary psychology adopts an understanding of the mind that is based on the computational theory of mind.

Evolutionary psychology focuses primarily on the " why?

On the other hand, Michael K. Richardson, Professor of Evolutionary Developmental Zoology, Leiden University, while recognizing that some criticisms of the drawings are legitimate ( indeed, it was he and his co-workers who began the modern criticisms in 1998 ), has supported the drawings as teaching aids, and has said that " on a fundamental level, Haeckel was correct "

Evolutionary psychology suggests that women more than men tend to select mating partners based on their resources.

Around the same time as the publication of the books by Lynch and Brodie the e-journal Journal of Memetics – Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission appeared on the web.

This is the transcript of Majerus ' lecture given at the European Society for Evolutionary Biology meeting on 23 August 2007.

Evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller hypothesizes that rhyme is a form of sexually selected handicap imposed on communication making poetry harder and more reliable as a signal of verbal intelligence and overall fitness.

Evolutionary psychologists focus on the neural mechanisms that cause behavior whereas sociobiologists usually study only behavior.

* Evolutionary biology: Development of both animals and plants is considered in the articles on evolution, population genetics, heredity, variation, Mendelism, reproduction.

* Evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin's expedition on the HMS Beagle.

Evolutionary systematics relies on anatomy, physiology and evolutionary history, which is determined through similarities in anatomy and, if possible, the genetics of organisms.

With his Los Alamos colleague Robert Schrandt he published a report, " Some Elementary Attempts at Numerical Modeling of Problems Concerning Rates of Evolutionary Processes ", which applied some of his earlier ideas on branching processes to biological inheritance.

Evolutionary developmental biology is not yet a unified discipline, but can be distinguished from earlier approaches to evolutionary theory by its focus on a few crucial ideas.

Evolutionary biologist Carsten Niemitz states that he believes the AAH as expressed by Morgan didn't fulfill the criteria of a theory or a hypothesis, merely listing analogies of features of savannah type mammals on the one hand and of aquatic mammals and man on the other, asking the scientific community for explanations other than a common aquatic ancestor of extant man.

Regression analysis producing statistically significant negative relationships indicates that two individuals can be less genetically alike than two random ones on average ( Hamilton 1970, Nature & Grafen 1985 Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology ).

Essays on Plantinga's Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism.

The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology, Harvard University Press.

“ The Intellectualism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Evolutionary Perspectives on Race, Ethnicity, and Gender .” Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer.

* Evolutionary history of life-An overview of the major time periods of life on earth

Picture of the future of a holistic UN / CEFACT-based e-Business stack: " From EDI to UN / CEFACT-An Evolutionary Path towards a Next Generation e-Business Stack ": In the course of the NCEB2006 conference ( 5th International Conference on e-Business ), an evolutionary path towards the most promising solution in e-Business and e-Government that is developed by UN / CEFACT is presented.

& Peterson, A. Townsend ( 2006 ): Evolutionary history of woodpeckers and allies ( Aves: Picidae ): Placing key taxa on the phylogenetic tree.

Talcott Parsons, author of Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives ( 1966 ) and The System of Modern Societies ( 1971 ) divided evolution into four subprocesses: ( 1 ) division, which creates functional subsystems from the main system ; ( 2 ) adaptation, where those systems evolve into more efficient versions ; ( 3 ) inclusion of elements previously excluded from the given systems ; and ( 4 ) generalization of values, increasing the legitimization of the ever more complex system.

* Talcott Parsons, author of Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives ( 1966 ) and The System of Modern Societies ( 1971 ) divided evolution into four subprocesses: 1 ) division, which creates functional subsystems from the main system, 2 ) adaptation, where those systems evolve into more efficient versions, 3 ) inclusion of elements previously excluded from the given systems and 4 ) generalization of values, increasing the legitimization of the ever more complex system.

Evolutionary psychology ( EP ) is an approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological traits such as memory, perception, and language from a modern evolutionary perspective.

Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy.

Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins employs the typing monkey concept in his book The Blind Watchmaker to demonstrate the ability of natural selection to produce biological complexity out of random mutations.

Game theory is used to understand how such behaviors might spread by natural selection within a population, and potentially become ' Evolutionary Stable Strategies '.

Evolutionary psychologists, following Darwinian anthropologists ' interpretation of kin selection theory initially attempted to explain human altruistic behavior through kin selection by stating that " behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection.

Hughes writes: " Evolutionary biologists typically distinguish two main types of natural selection: purifying selection, which acts to eliminate deleterious mutations ; and positive ( Darwinian ) selection, which favors advantageous mutations.

Evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton called the concept of Gaia Copernican, adding that it would take another Newton to explain how Gaian self-regulation takes place through Darwinian natural selection.

Evolutionary algorithms form a subset of evolutionary computation in that they generally only involve techniques implementing mechanisms inspired by biological evolution such as reproduction, mutation, recombination, natural selection and survival of the fittest.

Evolutionary forces include natural selection, sexual selection, genetic drift, genetic draft, developmental constraints, mutation bias and biogeography.

Evolutionary psychology is based on the hypothesis that, just like hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, and immune systems, cognition has functional structure that has a genetic basis, and therefore evolved by natural selection.

Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science.

It is important to realise that EGT is not just a specialist mathematical treatment of animal contests to determine their dynamics and results, but in a manner similar to the field of Evolutionary Algorithms, it is a comprehensive model that encompasses the Darwinian process itself – including the central tenets of competition ( the game ) natural selection ( replicator dynamics ) and heredity-all within the overall model.

Evolutionary algorithms are natural solutions to this sort of problem framework, as the fitness function need only encode the success or failure of a given controller, rather than the precise actions the controller should have taken.

Evolutionary neuroscientists attempt to understand the evolution and natural history of nervous system structure and function.

# Population genetic structure of natural and managed populations, including identification of Evolutionary Significant Units ( ESUs ) and management units for conservation.

Evolutionary epistemology refers to two distinct topics-on the one hand, the biological evolution of cognitive mechanisms in animals and humans, and on the other hand, a theory in that knowledge itself evolves by natural selection.

Evolutionary psychology attempts to explain major features of psychology in terms of species-wide evolved ( via natural selection ) predispositions.