In response to revolt in the Italian colony of Libya, Fascist Italy abandoned previous liberal-era colonial policy of cooperation with local leaders.

In mid-1942, however, party leaders increased their popularity by calling the young peoples to fight for the liberation of their country, that was occupied by Fascist Italy.

On 29 April 1945, the corpses of Mussolini, his mistress Clara Petacci and other Fascist leaders were infamously hanged in Piazzale Loreto, where a year before fifteen antifascists had been executed.

Foreigners noted how even as late as the 1940s newsreel images of King Victor Emanuel and Queen Elena, born Princess Elena of Montenegro, evoked applause, sometimes cheering, when played in cinemas, in contrast to the hostile silence shown toward images of Fascist leaders.

When the party was banned by the Italian Fascist government in 1926, Togliatti was one of few leaders not to be arrested, as he was attending a meeting of the Comintern in Moscow.

* Short bios of Fascist leaders

The party journal, initially called Fascist Bulletin before changing its name to British Lion, went from a weekly to a monthly whilst the loss of a number of key leaders and the erratic leadership of Lintorn-Orman, who was battling alcoholism, brought about a decline of activity.

Longo was a fervent anti-fascist, and, when Benito Mussolini established his Fascist regime in Italy in 1922, he emigrated to France where he became one of the principal leaders of the PCI.

Coincidentally, Grandi died on the same weekend as two post-war Italian Fascist leaders.

Records point to the possibility that during this time, Palatucci came in contact with the Movimento Autonomista Liburnico, a small group of Fascist leaders, including Senator Riccardo Gigante, who tried to negotiate with the Allies the postwar independence of Fiume under their rule.

As Italy fell in shambles and it was clear that the Axis had lost the war, many Fascist leaders, including Palatucci's superiors, began to prepare their future by collaborating with partisan groups.

The main practice of varguismo and its leaders was to try to integrate trade unions and the Ministry of Labor, once the President had based his policy for the area using the Carta del Lavoro of Fascist Italy as a role model.

The " Fascist left " included Michele Bianchi, Giuseppe Bottai, Angelo Oliviero Olivetti, Sergio Panunzio and Edmondo Rossoni, who were committed to advancing national syndicalism as a replacement for parliamentary liberalism in order to modernize the economy and advance the interests of workers and the common people.

There were also smaller factions within the Italian Fascist movement, such as the clerical Fascists, who sought to shift Italian Fascism from its anti-Catholic roots to accepting Catholicism.

By 1943, after Italy faced multiple military failures, complete reliance and subordination of Italy to Germany, and Allied invasion of Italy, and corresponding international humiliation, Mussolini was removed as head of government and arrested by the order of King Victor Emmanuel III who proceeded to dismantle the Fascist state and declared Italy's switching of allegiance to the Allied side.

In an effort to increase birthrates, the Italian Fascist government gave financial incentives to women who raised large families, and initiated policies designed to reduce the number of women employed.

The Nazis initially attempted to form a corporatist economic system like that of Fascist Italy, creating the National Socialist Institute for Corporatism in May 1933, which included many major economists who argued that corporatism was consistent with National Socialism.

Littoral Slovenes, who were subjected to Fascist Italianization since the Treaty of Rapallo, experienced increase in Fascist brutality, personified by Lojze Bratuž, a Slovene choirmaster who led several Slovene language church choirs, being tortured and forced to drink petrol and engine oil because he resisted the italianization of Slovenian names and surnames by Italian Fascists, which begun as early as 1926

Fascist propaganda of this sort, Adorno wrote, " simply takes people for what they are: genuine children of today ’ s standardized mass culture who have been robbed to a great extent of their autonomy and spontaneity " The result of these labors, the 1950 study The Authoritarian Personality was pioneering in its combination of quantitative and qualitative methods of collecting and evaluating data as well as its development of the F-scale.

" so it is usually those who scream, " Fascist!

Culturally and philosophically, Mussolini isolated the bourgeoisie from Italian society by portraying them as social parasites upon the Fascist Italian State and “ The People ”; as a social class who drained the human potential of Italian society, in general, and of the working class, in particular ; as exploiters who victimized the Italian nation with an approach to life characterised by hedonism and materialism.

Nevertheless, despite the slogan The Fascist Man Disdains the « Comfortable » Life, which epitomized the anti-bourgeois principle, in its final years of power, for mutual benefit and profit, the Mussolini Fascist régime transcended ideology in order to merge the political and financial interests of Prime Minister Benito Mussolini with the political and financial interests of the bourgeoisie, the Catholic social circles who constituted the ruling class of Italy.

In May 1943 he met the Christian Democrat leader Giuseppe Spataro, who introduced him into anti-Fascist circles in Milan against the Fascist regime of Mussolini.

Paul Erdős, the eccentric and extremely prolific Hungarian-born mathematician, referred to the notion of deus deceptor in a humorous context when he called God " the Supreme Fascist ", who deliberately hid things from people, ranging from socks and passports to the most elegant of mathematical proofs.

As French defence forces were increasingly overwhelmed, de Gaulle found himself part of a small group of politicians who argued against a negotiated surrender to Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

After the Verona trial sentence, a Fascist firing squad, at a shooting range in Verona on 11 January 1944, executed Ciano and others ( including Emilio De Bono and Giovanni Marinelli ) who had voted for Mussolini's ousting.

Their debut single "( We Don't Need This ) Fascist Groove Thang " attracted some attention and, due to its overtly left-wing political lyrics, was banned by BBC Radio 1 DJ Mike Read ( who is a staunch supporter of the Conservative Party ), and neither this nor any other of the four singles taken from the band's debut album Penthouse and Pavement managed to reach the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart.

They displayed his rejection of liberalism and the modernizing goals of the 1848 Wallachian revolution ( perceived as " an abstract apology of Mankind " and " ape-like imitation of Europe "), as well as for democracy itself ( accusing it of " managing to crush all attempts at national renaissance ", and later praising Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy on the grounds that, according to Eliade, " Italy, he who thinks for himself is promoted to the highest office in the shortest of times ").

Le Twiddle was particularly licentious and became popular with young men in bars and nightclubs leading to outraged reports in the Spanish press (" English Claim Pope Invented New Dance "), which in turn attracted the attention of Franco's Fascist Guardia who banned it, making several arrests to prove their point.

" In a wild daydream, Ciccio stands before the giant face of Mussolini, who blesses him and his " Fascist bride ", Aldina.

Since 1923, San Marino was ruled by the Sammarinese Fascist Party ( PFS ) and was closely allied to Italy.

The Leader ( 2003 ) is set in a Britain ruled by Oswald Mosley as a Fascist dictator.

Dress daggers were used by several other countries as well, including Japan but never to the same extent as those worn by the Military and Political bodies of the Third Reich or Fascist Italy.

In the political jargon and propaganda of Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany and the Communist International, western democratic states were referred to as " plutocracies ", with the implication being that a small number of extremely wealthy individuals were controlling the countries and holding them in ransom.

< imagemap > File: 1920s decade montage. png | From left, clockwise: Third Tipperary Brigade Flying Column No. 2 under Sean Hogan during the Irish Civil War ; Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in accordance to the 18th amendment, which made alcoholic beverages illegal throughout the entire decade ; In 1927, Charles Lindbergh embarks on the first nonstop flight from New York to Paris on the Spirit of St. Louis ; A crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 stock market crash, which led to the Great Depression ; Benito Mussolini and Fascist Blackshirts during the March on Rome in 1922 ; the People's Liberation Army attacking government defensive positions in Shandong, during the Chinese Civil War ; The Women's suffrage campaign leads to numerous countries granting women the right to vote and be elected ; Babe Ruth becomes the iconic baseball player of the time .| 420px | thumb

Fascist countries were highly militaristic, and the need for individual heroism was an important part of fascist ideology.

Stojadinović recognized the military threats from National Socialist Germany, Fascist Italy and surrounding countries as imminent.

Azad Hind had diplomatic relations with nine countries: Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, Fascist Italy, the Independent State of Croatia, Wang Jingwei's Government in Nanjing, Thailand, the State of Burma, Manchukuo and the Philippine Republic.

Angry at the permanent and obvious breaks of the Nonintervention by the Fascist states, France opens its border for several days, allowing a large amount of armaments from several countries to pass into the Spanish Republic.

In countries which pass though changes of regime with variant ideological orientations ( Monarchist / Republican, Fascist / Democrat, Communist / Capitalist, Secular / Religious etc.

But by the 1940s, many of Boas ' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the " Axis " ( Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan ).

In practice, the sectoral corporations exercised little independence and were largely controlled by the regime, and employee organizations were rarely led by employees themselves but instead by appointed Fascist party members.

" In November 1925, women were given restricted voting rights, juxtaposed with the eliminaton of opposition parties, which enabled the Fascist government to rule with dictatorial powers.

Fascist women's organizations, disgruntled at the lukewarm reforms, were then made subordinate to the secretariat of the party, headed by Roberto Farinacci, although gradual women's suffrage was retained.

Attempts were made by both Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany to establish " autarky " ( self-sufficiency ) through significant economic planning, but neither achieved economic self-sufficiency.

The Communist line was that the POUM were ' objectively ' Fascist, hindering the Republican cause.

Indeed in 1939, laws were passed that allowed Muslims to be permitted to join the National Fascist Party and in particular the Muslim Association of the Lictor ( Associazione Musulmana del Littorio ), and the 1939 reforms allowed the creation of Libyan military units within the Italian army.

Fascist policy aimed at the creation of an Italian empire and Southern Italian ports were strategic for all commerce towards the colonies.

Slovenes whose territory fell under the rule of neighboring states Italy, Austria and Hungary, were subjected to policies of forced assimilation and in case of Fascist Italy violent Fascist Italianization.

The dawn of fascism in the early 1920s heralded a change of strategy for Italy, as the north-eastern sultanates were soon to be forced within the boundaries of La Grande Somalia according to the plan of Fascist Italy.

In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath of loyalty to Fascism, and children began to be taught that they owed the same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God.

During 21 years of Fascist government, not all manifesto pledges were achieved, and many were simply ignored ; forgotten by the system.