Italian Fascism called for women to be honoured as " reproducers of the nation ", and the Italian Fascist government held ritual ceremonies to honour women's role within the Italian nation.

In practice, the sectoral corporations exercised little independence and were largely controlled by the regime, and employee organizations were rarely led by employees themselves but instead by appointed Fascist party members.

All political parties, association and organizations opposed to the Fascist regime were dissolved, and everybody who was proven to have " committed or expressed intention to commit actions directed to violently subvert the social, economic or national order or undermine national security or to oppose or obstruct the actions of the Government " could be sent into exile to remote locations by the police.

Starting in 1939, Attorney General Biddle began compiling a list of Fascist and Communist front organizations.

Editor of Assalto in 1934, he became co-editor of the GUF mouthpiece Libro e Moschetto ; in 1937, he published Essenza dei GUF (" Essence of the GUF "), a propaganda volume that was distributed throughout the network of Fascist youth organizations.

After complete destruction of all Slovene minority cultural, financial and other organizations, and continuation of violent Fascist Italianization policies, the Slovene militant anti-Fascist organization TIGR emerged in 1927, co-ordinating the Slovene resistance against Fascist Italy until its dismantlement by the Fascist secret police in 1941, after which some of TIGR ex-members joined Slovene Partisans.

This, however, was corroborated in the correspondence of MacGuire with his principal, Robert Sterling Clark, of New York City, while MacGuire was abroad studying the various forms of veterans organizations of Fascist character.

Starting in 1939, Attorney General Biddle began compiling a list of Fascist and Communist front organizations.

Despite some insignificant resistance, especially at Durrës, Italy invaded Albania on 7 April 1939 and took control of the country, with the Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini proclaiming Italy's figurehead King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy as King of Albania.

The National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922, at the end of a period of social unrest.

Fascist policy aimed at the creation of an Italian empire and Southern Italian ports were strategic for all commerce towards the colonies.

When his eldest son, George, was forced, at the age of nine, to wear a Ballila Fascist Youth uniform in school, the family decided to leave Italy.

From 1922 to 1925, the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian, and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy, repressed socialist, left wing and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at forcefully forging Italy as a world power — a " New Roman Empire ".

The Fascist government failed to learn from mistakes made in Ethiopia and Spain ; it ignored the implications of the Italian Fascist volunteer soldiers being routed at the Battle of Guadalajara in the Spanish Civil War.

He is best remembered in connection with the establishment of the Museum of the Vatican, begun at his suggestion of his predecessor and with an impractical and expensive attempt to drain the Pontine Marshes, something later successfully achieved in the 1930s by Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini.

* 1937: Orson Welles ' famous production at the Mercury Theatre drew fervoured comment as the director dressed his protagonists in uniforms reminiscent of those common at the time in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, as well as drawing a specific analogy between Caesar and Benito Mussolini.

It was at this point that the Fascist leader considered leaving Italy altogether.

By midday on 30 October, he had been appointed Prime Minister, at the age of 39, with no previous experience of office, and with only 35 Fascist deputies in the Chamber.

In Italy under the Fascist regime, her figure was demonized, perhaps not only as an anti-Roman figure but because she represented together at least three other unpleasant qualities: feminine virtue, Semitic ethnic origin, and African civilization.

Orwell tried to promote the use of more precise language in political discourse, and he criticised political language popular at the time, such as " running-dog lackey " and " Fascist octopus ", which he said prevented thought.

He was wounded in the throat in May 1937, by a Fascist sniper at Huesca.

During the Fascist period, many deputies of the opposition retired on this hill after the murder of Giacomo Matteotti, here ending-by the so-called " Aventine Secession "-their presence at the Parliament and, as a consequence, their political activity.

In the 20th century, the " Mitford sisters " — six daughters of David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale and Sydney Bowles — became celebrated, and at times scandalous, figures caricatured, according to The Times journalist Ben Macintyre, as " Diana the Fascist, Jessica the Communist, Unity the Hitler-lover ; Nancy the Novelist ; Deborah the Duchess and Pamela the unobtrusive poultry connoisseur ".

After the Verona trial sentence, a Fascist firing squad, at a shooting range in Verona on 11 January 1944, executed Ciano and others ( including Emilio De Bono and Giovanni Marinelli ) who had voted for Mussolini's ousting.

He refused to display Mussolini's photograph or conduct the Fascist anthem Giovinezza at La Scala.

They displayed his rejection of liberalism and the modernizing goals of the 1848 Wallachian revolution ( perceived as " an abstract apology of Mankind " and " ape-like imitation of Europe "), as well as for democracy itself ( accusing it of " managing to crush all attempts at national renaissance ", and later praising Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy on the grounds that, according to Eliade, " Italy, he who thinks for himself is promoted to the highest office in the shortest of times ").

In 1929, the TIGR dropped a bomb at the central editorial office of the local Fascist journal Il Popolo di Trieste, killing two people.

Futurist architects were sometimes at odds with the Fascist state's tendency towards Roman imperial-classical aesthetic patterns.

In a series of fantasy sequences at the Grand Hotel, Gradisca is encouraged to bed the Fascist high official in return for government funds to rebuild the town's harbour while pimple-faced Biscein recounts the night he made love to twenty-eight women in the visiting sultan ’ s harem.

An Axis powers conference on 18 January 1942 placed a proposed north-south running demarcation line at 70 ° east longitude, going southwards through the Ob River's Arctic estuary, southwards to just east of Khost in Afghanistan and heading into the Indian Ocean just west of Rajkot in India comprising the land area of Eurasia that it crossed, to split the Lebensraum land holdings of Nazi Germany and the similar spazio vitale areas of Fascist Italy to the west of it, and the Empire of Japan ( and the Co-Prosperity Sphere ) to the east of it, after a complete defeat of the Soviet Union by the Third Reich.

Indeed in 1939, laws were passed that allowed Muslims to be permitted to join the National Fascist Party and in particular the Muslim Association of the Lictor ( Associazione Musulmana del Littorio ), and the 1939 reforms allowed the creation of Libyan military units within the Italian army.

On his retirement in 1933, and impatient with what he considered the inability of democracy to adopt military reforms, Fuller became involved with Sir Oswald Mosley and the British Fascist movement.

The party was finally banned under Benito Mussolini in 1925, while many old Liberal politicians were given prestigious, but not influential, political posts, such as seats in the Italian Senate, which was stripped of any real power by Fascist reforms.

But by the 1940s, many of Boas ' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the " Axis " ( Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan ).

Dress daggers were used by several other countries as well, including Japan but never to the same extent as those worn by the Military and Political bodies of the Third Reich or Fascist Italy.

The " Fascist left " included Michele Bianchi, Giuseppe Bottai, Angelo Oliviero Olivetti, Sergio Panunzio and Edmondo Rossoni, who were committed to advancing national syndicalism as a replacement for parliamentary liberalism in order to modernize the economy and advance the interests of workers and the common people.

There were also smaller factions within the Italian Fascist movement, such as the clerical Fascists, who sought to shift Italian Fascism from its anti-Catholic roots to accepting Catholicism.

Fascist leaders who ruled countries were not always heads of state, but were heads of government, such as Benito Mussolini, who held power under the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III.

" In November 1925, women were given restricted voting rights, juxtaposed with the eliminaton of opposition parties, which enabled the Fascist government to rule with dictatorial powers.

Attempts were made by both Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany to establish " autarky " ( self-sufficiency ) through significant economic planning, but neither achieved economic self-sufficiency.

The Communist line was that the POUM were ' objectively ' Fascist, hindering the Republican cause.

In the political jargon and propaganda of Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany and the Communist International, western democratic states were referred to as " plutocracies ", with the implication being that a small number of extremely wealthy individuals were controlling the countries and holding them in ransom.

Slovenes whose territory fell under the rule of neighboring states Italy, Austria and Hungary, were subjected to policies of forced assimilation and in case of Fascist Italy violent Fascist Italianization.

Littoral Slovenes, who were subjected to Fascist Italianization since the Treaty of Rapallo, experienced increase in Fascist brutality, personified by Lojze Bratuž, a Slovene choirmaster who led several Slovene language church choirs, being tortured and forced to drink petrol and engine oil because he resisted the italianization of Slovenian names and surnames by Italian Fascists, which begun as early as 1926

The dawn of fascism in the early 1920s heralded a change of strategy for Italy, as the north-eastern sultanates were soon to be forced within the boundaries of La Grande Somalia according to the plan of Fascist Italy.

In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath of loyalty to Fascism, and children began to be taught that they owed the same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God.

On 29 April 1945, the corpses of Mussolini, his mistress Clara Petacci and other Fascist leaders were infamously hanged in Piazzale Loreto, where a year before fifteen antifascists had been executed.

During 21 years of Fascist government, not all manifesto pledges were achieved, and many were simply ignored ; forgotten by the system.