Thus, Aronson reinterpreted the findings of the original Festinger and Carlsmith study using the induced-compliance paradigm, stating that the dissonance was between the cognition, " I am an honest person " and the cognition, " I lied to someone about finding the task interesting.

Festinger is perhaps best known for the theory of cognitive dissonance, which suggests that when people are induced to behave in ways that are inconsistent with their beliefs, an uncomfortable psychological tension is aroused.

Festinger was also responsible for social comparison theory, which examines how people evaluate their own opinions and desires by comparing themselves with others, and how groups exert pressures on individuals to conform with group norms and goals.

The phrase was coined by Leon Festinger in his 1956 book When Prophecy Fails, which chronicled the followers of a UFO cult as reality clashed with their fervent belief in an impending apocalypse.

Bem interpreted people in the Festinger and Carlsmith study or the induced-compliance paradigm as inferring their attitudes from their behavior.

Suggested by Leon Festinger, cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual experiences some degree of discomfort resulting from an inconsistency between two cognitions: their views on the world around them, and their own personal feelings and actions.

The principal claim of Leon Festinger ’ s ( 1954 ) social comparison theory was that individuals evaluate their thoughts and attitudes based on other people.

Festinger ( 1954 ) explained that people often join groups in order to compare their own beliefs and attitudes.

Festinger et al., agreed with Le Bon ’ s perception of behavior in a crowd in the sense that they believed individuals do become submerged into the crowd leading to their reduced accountability.

Leon Festinger ... argued that when people become aware that their attitudes, thoughts, and beliefs (" cognitions ") are inconsistent with one another, this realization brings with it an uncomfortable state of tension called cognitive dissonance '.

One of the first published cases of dissonance was reported in the book, When Prophecy Fails ( Festinger et al.

* Leon Festinger, Henry W. Riecken, & Stanley Schachter, When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study of a Modern Group that Predicted the End of the World ( University of Minnesota Press ; 1956 ).

Perhaps the most famous case in the early study of cognitive dissonance was described by Leon Festinger and others in the book When Prophecy Fails.

Social psychologist Leon Festinger and his collaborators performed a detailed case study of one such group in 1954, subsequently documented in " When Prophecy Fails ".

Among the earliest was the classic 1956 study, When Prophecy Fails by Leon Festinger, Henry Riecken, and Stanley Schachter, which analyzed the phenomenon.

Festinger earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the City College of New York in 1939, and proceeded to receive a Phd in Psychology from University of Iowa in 1942, where he studied under Kurt Lewin, another pioneer in social psychology.

The theory was proposed by Leon Festinger to describe the formation of new beliefs and increased proselytizing in order to reduce the tension, or dissonance, that results from failed prophecies.

He went on to earn a Master's degree from Wesleyan University in 1956 ( where he worked with David McClelland ), and a Ph. D. from Stanford University in 1959 ( where his doctoral advisor and mentor was the experimental social psychologist Leon Festinger ).

In the 1950s, Festinger was given a grant from the Behavioral Sciences Division of the Ford Foundation.

Group cohesion, as a scientifically studied property of groups, is commonly associated with Kurt Lewin and his student, Leon Festinger.

As an extension of Lewin ’ s work, Festinger ( along with Stanley Schachter and Kurt Back ) described cohesion as, “ the total field of forces which act on members to remain in the group ” ( Festinger, Schachter, & Back, 1950, p. 37 ).

Before Lewin and Festinger, there were, of course, descriptions of a very similar group property.

American social psychologist Leon Festinger and colleagues first elaborated the concept of deindividuation in 1952.

Leon Festinger ( May 8, 1919 – February 11, 1989 ), was an American social psychologist, responsible for the development of the theory of cognitive dissonance, social comparison theory, and the discovery of the role of propinquity in the formation of social ties as well as other contributions to the study of social networks.

Festinger also made important contributions to social network theory.

Studying the formation of social ties, such as the choice of friends among college freshmen housed in dorms, Festinger ( together with Stanley Schachter and Kurt Back ) showed how the formation of ties was predicted by propinquity, the physical proximity between people, and not just by similar tastes or beliefs, as laymen tend to believe.

Earlier in his career, Festinger explored the various forms that social groups can take and showed, together with Schachter and Back, " how norms are clearer, more firmly held and easier to enforce the more dense a social network is.

Over the course of his career, Festinger was a faculty member in the University of Iowa, the University of Rochester, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ), the University of Minnesota, the University of Michigan, Stanford University, and the New School for Social Research.

Born to self-educated Russian-Jewish immigrants Alex Festinger ( an embroidery manufacturer ) and Sara Solomon Festinger in Brooklyn, New York, Leon Festinger attended Boys ' High School and received a bachelor's in science at City College of New York in 1939.

In 1945, Lewin created a Research Center for Group Dynamics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) and Festinger followed, becoming an assistant professor.

Lewin died in 1947 and Festinger left to become an Associate Professor at the University of Michigan, where he was program director for the Group Dynamics Center.

In 1955, Festinger moved to Stanford University.

Festinger and his colleagues saw this as a case that would lead to the arousal of dissonance when the prophecy failed.

Festinger defined two types of comparisons upward comparisons and downward comparisons.

Festinger theorized that these types of comparisons could worsen mood disorders like depression because they would see themselves as being below others and thus become more depressed.

early drafts of Howl being read by Allen to his fellow writing associates date from late 1954.

Friends and business associates have said they warned Ford about the contents of theIndependent and that he probably never read the articles.

He wrote De institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum, a moralist tractate of Biblical inspiration which he managed to publish in 1506 in Venice ; this work influenced St Francis Xavier, and it was claimed by one of Francis ' associates in 1549 to be the only book that he read during his missionary work.

The ability grew gradually into a formidable ability to " read people correctly " as perceived by outsiders, but was from the start always a closely guarded secret as it gradually became suspected by friends and associates as the extraordinary capability it has become.

The Lasker citation read: " Professor Penrose and his associates have been responsible over the years for studies which touch all aspects of human genetics, include genetic analyses of most of the known hereditary diseases, contributions to mathematical genetics, biochemical genetics, the study of gene linkage in man, and theoretical work on the mutagenic effect of ionizing radiations.

By convention, associates to the right: we read as.