Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, which, broadly defined, was a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.

In the Middle Ages, some monasteries also offered the " dîme " in homage to local lords in exchange for their protection ( see Feudalism ) ( these are called " dîmes inféodées "), but this practice was forbidden by the Lateran Council of 1179.

The original peerage of the French realm, like other feudal titles of nobility, was abolished during the French Revolution, on the night of August 4, 1789, the Night of the Abolition of Feudalism.

Cambridge University historian and political philosopher Quentin Skinner has pointed out how Otto of Freising, a German bishop who visited central Italy during the 12th century, commented that Italian towns had appeared to have exited from Feudalism, so that their society was based on merchants and commerce.

# Land Reforms Program and Abolishing " Feudalism ": The government bought the land from the feudal land lords at what was considered to be a fair price and sold it to the peasants at 30 % below the market value, with the loan being payable over 25 years at very low interest rates.

Feudalism was abolished in 1806.

* 1902 – " Our Benevolent Feudalism ," published by W. J. Ghent was later used by the Oligarchy for many of their ideas, despite being satirical

* Feudalism was still dominant in parts of Europe.

Feudalism had dominated western Europe for a thousand years, but was on the decline at the beginning of the Renaissance.

Feudalism was practiced in many different ways, depending on location and time period, thus a high-level encompassing conceptual definition does not always provide a reader with the intimate understanding that detail of historical example provides.

Feudalism in 12th century England was among the better structured and established in Europe at the time.

Feudalism is the exchange of land for military service, thus everything was based on what was called the knight's fee, which was a fiefdom or estate of land.

This was the historical period when Feudalism was being regularized.

In 1971 Ernesto Laclau addressed the argument of whether Latin America was either under a social system of Feudalism or Capitalism.

He determined that the social system was extremely different from the capitalistic system in Europe and America, so therefore Latin America would be more closely related to have a Feudalism approach to social interaction.

Apart from that, Arkanar was the planet where the Basic Theory of Feudalism was tested and polished.

Voltaire was particularly energetic in attacking the religiously dominated Middle Ages as a period of social stagnation and decline, condemning Feudalism, Scholasticism, The Crusades, The Inquisition and the Catholic Church in general.

The most important development at the end of Feudalism was the emergence of " the dichotomy between wage earners and capitalist merchants ".

The other form of patrimonialism is still top down but it approaches the Ideal Type of Western European Feudalism, with a basis for legitimate authority outside of the central ruler's authority.

Feudalism, although always a very contentious idea, is often used to describe medieval society.

Norman Cantor recognized three books as most important to Strayer's legacy: Feudalism ( 1965 ), which summarized three decades of his research and thinking on the topic ; On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State ( 1970 ), in which he shows the relevance of medieval historical institutions to modern governmental institutions ; and The Reign of Philip the Fair ( 1980 ), representing over 30 years of archival research and the most comprehensive work on the topic in any language-other than Jean Favier's Philippe le Bel ( 1978 ).

He published two major volumes of analytical history in 1974: Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism focuses on the creation and endurance of feudal social formations, while Lineages of the Absolutist State examines monarchical absolutism.

Feudalism Based on Benefices and Other Types, 378

Feudalism usually emerged as a result of the decentralization of an empire: especially in the Japanese and Carolingian ( European ) empires which both lacked the bureaucratic infrastructure necessary to support cavalry without the ability to allocate land to these mounted troops.

Reasons for this expansion and colonization include an improving climate known as the Medieval warm period allowing longer and more productive growing seasons ; the end of raids by Vikings, Arabs, and Magyars resulting in greater political stability ; advancements in medieval technology allowing more land to be farmed ; reforms of the Church in the 11th century further increasing social stability ; and the rise of Feudalism, which also brought increased social stability and thus more mobility.

By the mid-20th century, François Louis Ganshof's Feudalism, 3rd ed.

Only when the infrastructure existed to maintain centralized power — as with the European monarchies — did Feudalism begin to yield to this new organized power and eventually disappear.

* Brown, Elizabeth, ' The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe ', American Historical Review, 79 ( 1974 ), pp. 1063 – 8.

*" Feudalism ", by Elizabeth A. R. Brown.

* Medieval Feudalism, by Carl Stephenson.

Classic introduction to Feudalism.

*" The Problem of Feudalism: An Historiographical Essay ", by Robert Harbison, 1996, Western Kentucky University.

Feudalism led to the development of greater social hierarchies.

( 2002 ) " From Feudalism to Bastard Feudalism ," in Fryde, Natalie, Pierre Monnet and Oto Oexle.

Feudalism also became more widespread as freemen sought protection by swearing allegiance to a lord.

An enigmatic person who has been hailed as a liberator against the Danes and denounced as a tyrannical ruler, brutally suppressing three uprisings in Dalarna-which had once been the first region to support his claim to the throne-one in Västra Götaland, and one in Småland, Gustav worked to raise taxes, end Feudalism and bring about a Swedish Reformation, replacing the pregoratives of local landowners, noblemen and clergy with centrally appointed governors and bishops.

Feudalism in History.

* White, Stephen D. Re-Thinking Kinship and Feudalism in Early Medieval Europe ( 2nd ed.

Feudalism finally ended in 1848.

* John Bean, The Decline of English Feudalism, 1215-1540, 1968.

Chronicled by many historians from the earliest days of Antiquity up until the High Middle Ages, they are believed to have given rise in part or wholly to the Age of Feudalism in Europe and the later European equivalents of Knights and Paladins, via contact with the Byzantine Empire.