Fluoridation opponents questioned the ethics, safety, and efficacy of fluoridation.

Fluoridation has been the subject of many court cases wherein activists have sued municipalities, asserting that their rights to consent to medical treatment and due process are infringed by mandatory water fluoridation.

Fluoridation has little effect on risk of bone fracture ( broken bones ); it may result in slightly lower fracture risk than either excessively high levels of fluoridation or no fluoridation.

Fluoridation does not affect the appearance, taste or smell of drinking water.

Fluoridation, it was claimed, was merely a stepping-stone on the way to implementing more ambitious programs.

Fluoridation is widely, but not universally, accepted by dentists as being useful.

There were fusion tickets in which all of Lincoln's opponents combined to support the same slate of Electors in New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island, but even if the anti-Lincoln vote had been combined in every state, Lincoln still would have won a majority in the Electoral College.

Some scholars suggest that Arius may have been poisoned by his opponents.

Victims and opponents of totalitarian regimes have been able to present striking critiques of these regimes through autobiographical accounts of their oppression.

Historically, many scholars have followed the Adoptionists ' Carolingian opponents in labeling Spanish Adoptionism as a minor revival of “ Nestorian ” Christology.

On many occasions armies have achieved victories largely owing to the employment of more advanced weapons than those of their opponents.

Introduced on Whitsunday 1549, after considerable debate and revision in Parliament — but there is no evidence that it was ever submitted to either Convocation — it was said to have pleased neither reformers nor their opponents, indeed the Catholic Bishop Gardiner could say of it was that it " was patient of a catholic interpretation ".

The classic French historiography often refers to Coalition troops three times more numerous than those of the King of France ( Philip Contamine is not of this opinion: " In front, his opponents did not have a clear numerical superiority ").

Reports of cannibalism were also recorded during the First Crusade, as Crusaders were alleged to have fed on the bodies of their dead opponents following the Siege of Ma ' arrat al-Numan.

Some of his hardest victories have come from fighting single opponents of inhuman strength: one such as Thak, the ape man from " Rogues in the House ", or the strangler Baal-Pteor in " Shadows in Zamboula ".

Chiang opposed Li's plan of defense because it would have placed most of the troops still loyal to Chiang under the control of Li and Chiang's other opponents in the central government.

Some of the opponents of the Party within the Chinese democracy movement have tended not to argue that a strong Chinese state is inherently bad, but rather that the Communist leadership is corrupt.

His views have not found wide acceptance, and opponents have argued that this rite sanctified a Platonic brotherly bond, not a homosexual union.

The fact that his subjects had enjoyed his rule thus far meant that his opponents had to work much harder than they would have liked.

Electrum coins were not standardized in weight and are considered by opponents as badges, medals or ceremonial objects issued by priests, rather than coins ( actually the oldest of them have been discovered not in Lydia, but in an ancient Greek temple of Ephesos, a city colony built by the ancient Greeks in what is now Turkey ).

" It is likely that we have only a partial view of their beliefs, because the writings of the Cathars were mostly destroyed due to the doctrinal threat perceived by the Papacy ; much of our existing knowledge of the Cathars is derived from their opponents.

Although these guidelines have been widely implemented, opponents argue that even when a diagnostic criteria set is accepted across different cultures, it does not necessarily indicate that the underlying constructs have any validity within those cultures ; even reliable application can only demonstrate consistency, not legitimacy.

By offering the consulship to potential opponents, Domitian may have wanted to compromise these senators in the eyes of their supporters.

However, opponents of " late extinction " theories have interpreted such late dates based on indirect dating methods as artifacts resulting from redeposition of skeletal material into more recent strata, and recent direct dating results obtained with new technologies have tended to confirm this interpretation.

Plotinus criticizes his opponents for “ all the novelties through which they seek to establish a philosophy of their own ” which, he declares, “ have been picked up outside of the truth ”; they attempt to conceal rather than admit their indebtedness to ancient philosophy, which they have corrupted by their extraneous and misguided embellishments.

For a handed snap, the snapper will usually have his head up, facing opponents.

Because of the vulnerability of a player in such a position, the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the National Federation of State High School Associations (" Fed ") have adopted rules providing that if a player is positioned at least 7 yards behind the neutral zone to receive a snap, opponents are not to deliberately contact the snapper until one second after the snap ( NCAA ), or until the snapper has a chance to react ( Fed ).

The opponents then challenged the validity of the election in court, claiming various irregularities.

Many other incidents in the novel are verifiable in the historical record, including Jefferson owning ( and probably fathering ) slaves, James Wilkinson serving as a double agent for Spain, Alexander Hamilton being challenged to duels by opponents who felt slandered by him, and Burr's trial and acquittal on charges of treason.

Pinker's assumptions about the innateness of language have been challenged ; opponents claim that " either the logic is fallacious, or the factual data are incorrect ( or, sometimes, both )".

An angry Qarase challenged his opponents to repeat their allegations outside Parliament.

After narrowly defeating two Democratic opponents, he was challenged by Republican Anthony W. Ravosa, Jr., and Independent Thomas R. Sheehan.

Ahmad published a book called The Heavenly Decree, in which he challenged his opponents to a " spiritual duel " in which the question of whether someone was a Muslim or not would be settled by God based on the four criteria laid out in the Qur ' an, namely, that a perfect believer will frequently receive glad tidings from God, that he will be given awareness about hidden matters and events of the future from God, that most of his prayers will be fulfilled and that he will exceed others in understanding novel finer points, subtleties and deeper meanings of the Qur ' an.

Ahmad's followers claim that he had categorically vowed in Anjam-e-Atham not to engage in any more debates, as he judged them ineffective at convincing the religious clergy to reform ( the reason why he had challenged Meher Ali Shah to such a decisive contest in the first place and not to a debate ); rather, he would invoke God for divine intervention by holding such contests or " prayer duels ", which he called Ejazi-Muqabala, or " miraculous contest ", between him and his opponents, primarily Christian missionaries and Muslim scholars and divines.

For the first time in her congressional career, Jackson Lee was challenged in the Democratic primary ; her opponents were Houston City Councilmember Jarvis Johnson and Sean Roberts.

But entrenched clauses are often challenged by their opponents as being " undemocratic ".

Foster challenged the telegram, stormed out of the meeting, and attempted to appeal to the Comintern itself, over the objections of his opponents and even his allies in the Cannon faction, who would not accept the possibility that the Comintern could be wrong.

By shunning other contests, he reasoned that he kept down the number of political opponents who might have challenged him for his otherwise " safe " congressional seat.

However, some opponents of the general thesis have challenged those views, for instance I. A. A.

Hroar quarreled with other men and was twice challenged to a hillbattle and won both times and killed his opponents but was eventually murdered but then avenged by his son.

His followers were later challenged by their opponents about what was perceived as a system of hair-splitting and distinctions ; their obstinance over an increasing array of challenges posed first by humanists and then by reformers led to the term " dunses " to denote fools in part.

Occasionally, his interpretations have been challenged, especially his widely copied thesis that British troops defeated their Napoleonic opponents by firepower alone.

One of White's opponents in the race was Republican Orlando Sanchez, a Cuban-American and a former Houston City Councilman, who had unsuccessfully challenged Brown in a heated 2001 bid to become Houston's first Hispanic mayor.

In 1940, however, both La Guardia and Quill became bellicose opponents of each other, with Quill calling a bus drivers ' strike that served to demonstrate the union's power if challenged while La Guardia came out in opposition to collective bargaining, the closed shop and the right to strike for public employees.

Strang's opponents challenged this during his lifetime by pointing to a tiny dot on the postmark, just before the " j " in " June "– one that they claimed should never have been there.

They also challenged the denial of the spiritual and miraculous element of Scripture by opponents of the revival, who held liberal and critical theological positions.

He challenged opponents with a $ 10, 000 reward to whoever could break his Cobra clutch, as well as utilizing the deadly " Swinging Clothesline.

When left wing Labour councillors and community leaders challenged Anderton on the conduct of his officers, he confronted his opponents and accused them of subversion, undermining police morale and threatening British democracy.