Fluoroquinolones are not recommended as first-line antibiotics for acute sinusitis, as this condition is usually self-limiting, and the risks outweigh the benefits in comparison to other antibiotic classes.

Fluoroquinolones are often used for genitourinary infections, and are widely used in the treatment of hospital-acquired infections associated with urinary catheters.

Fluoroquinolones are featured prominently in the The American Thoracic Society guidelines for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia.

Fluoroquinolones are sometimes associated with an QTc interval prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, tendon rupture, torsade de pointes and hypoglycemia.

Fluoroquinolones are considered high-risk antibiotics for the development of Clostridium difficile and MRSA infections.

Fluoroquinolones are more strongly associated with C. difficile infections than other antibiotics, including clindamycin, third-generation cephalosporins, and beta lactamase inhibitors.

Fluoroquinolones have been recommended to be reserved for the use in patients who are seriously ill and may soon require immediate hospitalization.

Fluoroquinolones are more strongly associated with C. difficile infections than other antibiotics including clindamycin, 3rd generation cephalosporins and beta-lactamase inhibitors.

Fluoroquinolones are no longer recommended due to widespread resistance of gonorrhoeae to this class.

Fluoroquinolones had become the most commonly prescribed class of antibiotics to adults in 2002.

Fluoroquinolones, such as norfloxacin, also may be used, but resistance has been reported.

Fluoroquinolones were the next line of defense, but soon resistance to this antibiotic emerged as well.

: 2b Opposite to 2a, 2b are broad-spectrum β-lactamases, meaning that they are capable of inactivating penicillins and cephalosporins at the same rate.

The quinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs The first generation of the quinolones begins with the introduction of nalidixic acid in 1962 for treatment of urinary tract infections in humans.

Because the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics encourages the spread of multidrug resistant strains and the development of Clostridium difficile infections, treatment guidelines from the Infectious Disease Society of America, the American Thoracic Society, and other professional organizations recommend minimizing the use of fluoroquinolones and other broad-spectrum antibiotics in less severe infections and in those in which risk factors for multidrug resistance are not present.

The empiric choice of broad-spectrum antibiotics often consist of multiple drugs, and should be targeted against the most likely agents, depending on the cause of peritonitis ( see above ); once one or more agents are actually isolated, therapy will of course be targeted on them.

Such a kinship was also in evidence in experiments by Balfour Stewart and others, cited and extended by Tyndall, that showed with respect to broad-spectrum radiant heat that molecules that are weak absorbers are weak emitters and strong absorbers are strong emitters.

When the bacteria are in a colon in which the normal gut flora has been destroyed ( usually after a broad-spectrum antibiotic such as clindamycin has been used ), the gut becomes overrun with C. difficile.

Newer synergous, low-alcohol formulations are highly effective broad-spectrum disinfectants with quick contact times ( 3 – 5 minutes ) against bacteria, enveloped viruses, pathogenic fungi, and mycobacteria.

This occurs, for example, in meningitis, where the patient can become fatally ill within hours if broad-spectrum antibiotics are not initiated.

* In the case of superinfections, where there are multiple types of bacteria causing illness, thus warranting either a broad-spectrum antibiotic or combination antibiotic therapy.

Although hairy cells are technically long-lived, instead of rapidly dividing, some late-stage patients are treated with broad-spectrum chemotherapy agents such as methotrexate that are effective at killing rapidly dividing cells.

Universal design refers to broad-spectrum ideas meant to produce buildings, products and environments that are inherently accessible to both people without disabilities and people with disabilities.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are endogenous and broad-spectrum.

Initially, broad-spectrum antibiotics are given, such as ceftriaxone.

If foreign objects are not the cause, a doctor will incise and drain the abscess and prescribe painkillers and possibly antibiotics.

These are all L-stereoisomers ( left handed isomers ) although a few D-amino acids ( right handed ) occur in bacterial envelopes and some antibiotics.

Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity.

However, it is unlikely that drinking alcohol in moderation will cause problems if you are taking most common antibiotics.

However, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol should be avoided completely, because of serious side-effects.

United Kingdom Health Protection Agency has stated that " most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections.

Small-molecule bacteriocins ( microcins and lantibiotics ) are similar to the classic antibiotics ; colicin-like bacteriocins possess a narrow spectrum, and require molecular diagnostics prior to therapy.

Genes for resistance to antibiotics, like the antibiotics themselves, are ancient.

In some countries, antibiotics are sold over the counter without a prescription, which also leads to the creation of resistant strains.

Modern antibiotics are tested using a method similar to Fleming's discovery

He cautioned not to use penicillin unless there was a properly diagnosed reason for it to be used, and that if it were used, never to use too little, or for too short a period, since these are the circumstances under which bacterial resistance to antibiotics develops.

Compounds like amino acid peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acid, amines, and antibiotics are usually not called alkaloids.

Bactericides are disinfectants, antiseptics, or antibiotics.

Aminoglycosidic antibiotics are usually considered bactericidal, although they may be bacteriostatic with some organisms

Numerous medical studies on treatment of these abscesses with antibiotics have been done with varying results, but the consensus is once pus is aspirated and analysed, provided no unusual bacilli are present, the abscess will generally heal on its own in a matter of weeks.

The β-lactam ring is part of the core structure of several antibiotic families, the principal ones being the penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams, which are, therefore, also called β-lactam antibiotics.

Bacteria do, however contain within their populations, in smaller quantities, bacteria that are resistant against β-lactam antibiotics.

Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genetic manipulation.

Escherichia coli bacteria on the right are sensitive to two beta-lactam antibiotics, and do not grow in the semi-circular regions surrounding the antibiotics.

E. coli bacteria on the left are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, and grow next to one antibiotic ( bottom ) and are less inhibited by another antibiotic ( top ).

Beta-lactamases are enzymes () produced by some bacteria and are responsible for their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephamycins, and carbapenems ( ertapenem ) ( Carbapenems are relatively resistant to beta-lactamase ).