For instance, electors were granted a monopoly over all mines of gold, silver, and other metals within their territories, to tax Jews, to collect tolls, and to mint money ; these powers belonged to the Emperor in the other territories, and princes who wrongly assumed them could be deprived of their status.

For example assume that the monopoly ’ s demand function is P

For an excellent discussion of the historical origins of the term ' natural monopoly ' see Mosca.

For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan.

For instance, if a change in economic policy eliminates a monopoly and that market subsequently becomes competitive and more efficient, the monopolist will be made worse off.

For example, the controversial Bank Bill of 1791 chartered a 20 year corporate monopoly for the First Bank of the United States.

For example, if an industry is dominated by one firm or cartel does not see higher costs than a competitive industry yet has monopoly prices, then that non-competitive industry will see higher profits, whereas if costs increase, then profitability levels will be relatively similar.

For much of the Middle Ages, the Islamic Caliphate ( centred in the Near East ) often had a monopoly over much of the trade conducted across the Old World ( see Muslim age of discovery for more details ).

For example, in the U. S., the United States Postal Service | USPS enjoys a government monopoly on nonurgent letter mail as described in the Private Express Statutes.

For example, Walter Raleigh had been granted a trade monopoly by Queen Elizabeth, for the export of broadcloth and wine.

For example, firms may have 20 % market share each, but may occupy five areas of the country in which they are monopoly providers and thus do not compete against each other.

For example, competition may be legally prohibited, as in the case with a government monopoly or a government-granted monopoly.

For instance, in Hamilton, Cogeco Cable, Mountain Cablevision and Source Cable are all licensed operators, but each has a monopoly in a specific area of the city.

For the next few years Henry was able to maintain a complete monopoly over the Lake Superior trade and without competition he was able to charge exorbitant prices.

For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land.

For several years, they tried to sell furs directly to China, using American ships to avoid the British East India Company's monopoly, but little profit was made there.

For this reason, electric power is viewed as a natural monopoly.

For the first thirty years following its inception, Fannie Mae held a monopoly over the secondary mortgage market.

For a long time ( 1835 – 1850 ) he had an almost complete monopoly on the genre of Genji prints, it was only after 1850 that other artists began to produce similar designs.

For Aron, Max Weber's monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force held by the state in its internal affairs does not apply to the relationship between states.

For example, while a monopoly " has " an MC curve it does not have a supply curve.

For two hundred years, 1440 – 1640, Portuguese slavers had a near monopoly on the export of slaves from Africa.

For example, claims of natural monopoly are often used as justification for government intervening to establish a statutory monopoly ( government monopoly or government-granted monopoly ) where competition is outlawed, under the claim that multiple firms providing a good or service entails more collective costs to an economy than that which would be the case if a single firm provided a good or service.

For the prevention or treatment of the early stages of shipping fever complex, increase feeding level to 0.5 to 2 grams per head per day.

For such an industry, it is only `` safe '' to raise its price if such an increase is manifestly `` justified '' by rising costs ( due to rising wages, etc. ).

For medical research he asked a 20 million dollar a year increase, from 30 to 50 millions, in matching grants for building research facilities.

For instance, treatments aim to restore apoptosis to treat diseases with deficient cell death, and to increase the apoptotic threshold to treat diseases involved with excessive cell death.

For example, the increase in rotational speed of a spinning figure skater as the skater's arms are contracted is a consequence of conservation of angular momentum.

For example, a certain hitter's ability to hit left-handed pitchers might incline a manager to increase his opportunities to face left-handed pitchers.

For boiling to occur, either the dimer bonds must be broken, or the entire dimer arrangement must be vaporised, both of which increase enthalpy of vaporisation requirements significantly.

For example, an increase in pressure due to decreasing volume causes the reaction to shift to the side with the fewer moles of gas.

For example, during the eight-year period ending in 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20 %.

For dyslexia intervention with alphabet writing systems the fundamental aim is to increase a child's awareness of correspondences between graphemes and phonemes, and to relate these to reading and spelling.

For a repulsive interaction between particles, the diffusion coefficient tends to increase as concentration increases.

For this reason, infrared is reflected by metals ( as is most EMR into the ultraviolet ) but is absorbed by a wide range of substances, causing them to increase in temperature as the vibrations dissipate as heat.

For example, it is not the feeling of fear that produces an increase in heart beat, both are symptomatic of a common physiological origin, possibly in response to a legitimate external threat.

For example, there is much better scientific evidence that breathing high-oxygen gases increase exercise tolerance, during aerobic exertion .< ref >

For example, capitalism tends to increase the rate at which the forces develop and stresses the accumulation of capital.

For comparison, the most efficient small four-stroke motors are around 43 % thermal efficiency ( SAE 900648 ); size is an advantage for efficiency due to the increase in the ratio of volume to surface area.

: For both of these processes, the energy loss per cycle of alternating current is constant, so core losses increase linearly with frequency.

For example, a commodity broker can be charged with fraud if he or she receives a large purchase order from a client ( one likely to affect the price of that commodity ) and then purchases that commodity before executing the client's order in order to benefit from the anticipated price increase.

For example, in the absence of any new technologies, copper prices would indeed be expected to increase as growing economies demanded more copper to meet the needs of expanding communication networks and plumbing infrastructure.

For decades, Luanda's facilities were not adequately expanded to handle this massive increase in the city's population.

For example, the delay in asserting the claim may have caused a great increase in the potential damages to be awarded, or assets that could earlier have been used to satisfy the claim may have been distributed in the meantime, or the property in question may already have been sold, or evidence or testimony may no longer be available to defend against the claim.

Another reason minimum wage may not affect employment in certain industries is that the demand for the product the employees produce is highly inelastic ; For example, if management is forced to increase wages, management can pass on the increase in wage to consumers in the form of higher prices.

For example, they look at the 1992 increase in New Jersey's minimum wage, the 1988 rise in California's minimum wage, and the 1990 – 91 increases in the federal minimum wage.