For a time following the abandonment of the local plant, electric current for Manchester was brought in from the south with an emergency tie-in with the Vermont Marble Company system to the north.

For example, in sound recording, fluctuations in air pressure ( that is to say, sound ) strike the diaphragm of a microphone which induces corresponding fluctuations in the current produced by a coil in an electromagnetic microphone, or the voltage produced by a condensor microphone.

For recent events the Chronicle, like his Ecclesiastical History, relied upon Gildas, upon a version of the Liber pontificalis current at least to the papacy of Pope Sergius I ( 687 – 701 ), and other sources.

For a list of current trustees, see here.

For example, the year in Japan is based on the reign of the current emperor: 2006 was Year 18 of the Emperor Akihito.

For a recent review, see The authors admits that their model " does not solve the entropy and flatness problems of standard cosmology ..... and we can provide no explanation for why the current universe is so close to being spatially flat.

For example, at over 1. 9 years, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth-209 ( atomic number 83 ) has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any naturally occurring element.

For example, at over 1. 9 years, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth-209 ( atomic number 83 ) has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any naturally occurring element.

For a steady flow of charge through a surface, the current I ( in amperes ) can be calculated with the following equation:

For a net current to flow, more states for one direction than for the other direction must be occupied.

For alternating currents, especially at higher frequencies, skin effect causes the current to spread unevenly across the conductor cross-section, with higher density near the surface, thus increasing the apparent resistance.

For example, in a copper wire of cross-section 0. 5 mm < sup > 2 </ sup >, carrying a current of 5 A, the drift velocity of the electrons is on the order of a millimetre per second.

For example, the CCTV New Year's Gala usually promotes couplets reflecting current political themes in mainland China.

For their first two seasons, the Bengals played at Nippert Stadium which is the current home of the University of Cincinnati Bearcats.

For example, reversing the current direction in a Daniell galvanic cell would produce an electrolytic cell, where the copper electrode is the positive terminal and the anode.

For example, sales representatives need to know about current issues and relevant marketing promotions before attempting to cross-sell to a specific client.

For example, current scholars of China tend to question the question, and look heavily at the assumptions within a question before attempting to answer it.

For these reasons, the term-algebra is rarely used in current terminology, and has been replaced by the term ' algebra '.

For example, in the 19th century, the Sun appeared to be no more than 20 million years old, but the Earth appeared to be no less than 300 million years ( resolved by the discovery of nuclear fusion and radioactivity, and the theory of quantum mechanics ); or current attempts to resolve theoretical differences between quantum mechanics and general relativity.

; Time-variant: For An operational system, the stored data contains the current value.

For the current loop, the magnetic dipole moment points through the loop ( according to the right hand grip rule ), with a magnitude equal to the current in the loop times the area of the loop.

For example, a transconductance amplifier has a gain with units of conductance ( output current per input voltage ).

For a direct current system the weld rod or stick may be a cathode for a filling type weld or an anode for other welding processes.

For cryptographers, a cryptographic " break " is anything faster than a brute force — performing one trial decryption for each key ( see Cryptanalysis ).

For cryptography, this is very bad: we want typical instances of a cryptographic problem to be hard.

For cryptographic applications, only generators meeting the K3 or K4 standard are acceptable.

For example, thermite can be used for the emergency destruction of cryptographic equipment when there is a danger that it might be captured by enemy troops.

For example, a cryptographic algorithm may be implemented by hardware and software that is widely distributed among users.

For example, Shafi Goldwasser, a noted female computer scientist — computer science being a field largely dominated by men — uses the pronoun " she " exclusively in her Lecture Notes on Cryptography in reference to cryptographic adversaries.

For example, CTS is ciphertext stealing mode and available in many popular cryptographic libraries.

For instance, in Europe during and after the Renaissance, citizens of the various Italian states — the Papal States and the Roman Catholic Church included — were responsible for rapid proliferation of cryptographic techniques, few of which reflect understanding ( or even knowledge ) of Alberti's polyalphabetic advance.

For this reason, the md5sum and sha1sum utilities are often preferred in Unix operating systems, which use the MD5 and SHA-1 cryptographic hash functions respectively.

For example, Transport Layer Security ( TLS ) is a cryptographic protocol that is used to secure web ( HTTP ) connections.

For instance, TLS employs what is known as the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, which although it is only a part of TLS per se, Diffie-Hellman may be seen as a complete cryptographic protocol in itself for other applications.

For this purpose, cryptographic hash functions are employed often.

For an example of a cryptographic signature, a proposed purchase order accepted by a vendor and returned via email to the purchaser after being digitally signed.

For attacks on computer systems themselves ( which are often used to perform cryptography and thus contain cryptographic keys or plaintexts ), see computer security.

For example, FIPS 140-3 requires power analysis countermeasures for cryptographic devices bought to the U. S. government.

For this reason, care should be taken to ensure there are no secret values which affect the conditional branches within cryptographic software implementations.

For instance, the BIS must be notified before open-source cryptographic software is made publicly available on the Internet, though no review is required.

For other areas that do not provide for different levels of security, a cryptographic module receives a rating that reflects fulfillment of all of the requirements for that area.

For example, digital certificates are protected within tamper-proof cryptographic processors.

For classification of keys according to their usage see cryptographic key types.

* For its use in data structure, database and cryptographic applications, see hash function or unique key.

For example, the quintessential cryptographic system has Alice wanting to send a message to Bob without Eve being able to eavesdrop on them.

For example, each encryption key can be generated from the underlying key material using a cryptographic hash function or other key derivation function.

For example, cryptographic keys are often quite large and cumbersome to compare, so a user who