For multimodal distributions, the D4σ width is a better choice.

For a given quantity of a consumer good, the point on the demand curve indicates the value, or marginal utility, to consumers for that unit.

For the consumer, that point comes where marginal utility of a good, net of price, reaches zero, leaving no net gain from further consumption increases.

For a specific demand curve the supply " curve " would be the price / quantity combination at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.

For most religious traditions, this attitude is essentially based on a non-literal view of one's religious traditions, hence allowing for respect to be engendered between different traditions on fundamental principles rather than more marginal issues.

For most goods the marginal rate of substitution is not constant so their indifference curves are curved.

For this market, the producer would charge 60 cents and thus exclude every customer who had less than 60 cents of marginal benefit.

For many countries, ecotourism is not simply a marginal activity to finance protection of the environment, but is a major industry of the national economy.

For this to happen, the marginal propensity to save needs to be strictly positive.

For purposes of demonstration, consider just one consumer who interacts with one firm which experiences no fixed costs and constant costs per unit-hence the horizontal marginal cost ( MC ) line.

For certain products, premium products are priced at a level ( compared to " regular " or " economy " products ) that is well beyond their marginal cost of production.

For example, in economics the optimal profit to a player is calculated subject to a constrained space of actions, where a Lagrange multiplier is the change in the optimal value of the objective function due to the relaxation of a given constraint ( e. g. through a change in income ); in such a context is the marginal cost of the constraint, and is referred to as the shadow price.

For instance, taking the first definition, if it costs a firm 400 USD to produce 5 units and 480 USD to produce 6, the marginal cost of the sixth unit is 80 dollars.

For instance, Russell's paradox may be expressed as " there is no set of all sets " ( except in some marginal axiomatic set theories ).

For example, in the United States, the patent rights given to pharmaceutical companies encourage them to charge high prices ( above marginal cost ) and to advertise to convince patients to persuade their doctors to prescribe the drugs.

For instance, the Samuelson condition calculates the efficient level of public goods production to be where the ratio of the marginal social cost of public and private goods production equals the ratio of the marginal social benefit of public and private goods production.

For example, Old Tibetan had none of the above features except for a relatively large consonant inventory including extremely marginal and recently developed phonemic aspiration.

For discrete calculation without calculus, marginal cost equals the change in total ( or variable ) cost that comes with each additional unit produced.

For this generic case, minimum average cost occurs at the point where average cost and marginal cost are equal ( when plotted, the marginal cost curve intersects the average cost curve from below ); this point will not be at the minimum for marginal cost if fixed costs are greater than zero.

* For marginal constituency in politics, see “ Marginal seat ”

* For marginal model in hierarchical linear modeling, see “ Marginal model ”

For example, text in any natural language has highly non-uniform distributions of characters, and character pairs, very characteristic of the language.

For many operating systems, Python is a standard component ; it ships with most Linux distributions, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and with OS X and can be used from the terminal.

For example, Gibrat's law about proportional growth processes can actually produce limiting distributions that are lognormal, although their log-log plots look linear.

For example, a mixture of Gaussians with one Gaussian at each data point is dense is the space of distributions.

With finite samples, approximation results measure how close a limiting distribution approaches the statistic's sample distribution: For example, with 10, 000 independent samples the normal distribution approximates ( to two digits of accuracy ) the distribution of the sample mean for many population distributions, by the Berry – Esseen theorem.

For more general distributions the asymptotic distribution can be expressed as a Bessel function.

For example, source code ( for different implementations ) is available with the standard distributions of Plan 9 and OpenSolaris.

For accumulated after-tax contributions and earnings in a designated Roth account ( Roth 401 ( k )), " qualified distributions " can be made tax-free.

For the definition of the likelihood function, one has to distinguish between discrete and continuous probability distributions.

For distributions based on. deb and. rpm files as well as Slackware Linux, there is CheckInstall, and for recipe-based systems such as Gentoo Linux and hybrid systems such as Arch Linux, it is possible to write a recipe first, which then ensures that the package fits into the local package database.

For example, large voids in the distributions of galaxies are believed by many cosmologists to have originated in quantum fluctuations during the big bang.

For single-dimensional distributions, other methods are usually available ( e. g. adaptive rejection sampling ) that can directly return independent samples from the distribution, and are free from the problem of auto-correlated samples that is inherent in MCMC methods.

For example, mutual fund distributions of dividend income are reported as dividend income by the investor.

For lenders, it is specified interest payments, while returns to equity investors arise from dividend distributions or capital gains on their stock.

For the same reason, arithmetic encoding performs better for general probability distributions, as in the last case above.

For example, if a random process is modelled as a Gaussian process, the distributions of various derived quantities can be obtained explicitly.

For example, if A and B co-own property as JTWROS and A contributed 80 % of the purchase price, A and B would still receive equal distributions upon partition.

For example, Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism are linear in the electric and magnetic fields, and charge and current distributions ( i. e. the sum of two solutions is also a solution ); another example is Schrödinger's equation of quantum mechanics which is linear in the wavefunction.

For the fields of general charge distributions, the retarded potentials can be computed and differentiated accordingly to yield Jefimenko's Equations.

For a time it was included as a standard window manager in several Linux distributions and is also available in the FreeBSD ports collection.

For distributions sufficiently far from normal and for sufficiently large sample sizes, the MWW can be considerably more efficient than the t.

For an infinite family of models, it is a set of parameters to the family of distributions.

For probability distributions P and Q of a discrete random variable