For a long time, bubble chambers were used for this purpose, but with the improvement of electronics, it became desirable to have a detector with fast electronic read-out.

For each mass flow rate the arc voltage was measured.

For this reason the examples given below are grouped by voltage level.

For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves.

For example, in sound recording, fluctuations in air pressure ( that is to say, sound ) strike the diaphragm of a microphone which induces corresponding fluctuations in the current produced by a coil in an electromagnetic microphone, or the voltage produced by a condensor microphone.

For example, an audio amplifier with a gain given as 20 dB will have a voltage gain of ten ( but a power gain of 100 would only occur in the event the input and output impedances were identical ).

For example, diodes are used to regulate voltage ( Zener diodes ), to protect circuits from high voltage surges ( avalanche diodes ), to electronically tune radio and TV receivers ( varactor diodes ), to generate radio frequency oscillations ( tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, IMPATT diodes ), and to produce light ( light emitting diodes ).

For example, diodes are used in ( stepper motor and H-bridge ) motor controller and relay circuits to de-energize coils rapidly without the damaging voltage spikes that would otherwise occur.

For example, a transconductance amplifier has a gain with units of conductance ( output current per input voltage ).

For either enhancement-or depletion-mode devices, at drain-to-source voltages much less than gate-to-source voltages, changing the gate voltage will alter the channel resistance, and drain current will be proportional to drain voltage ( referenced to source voltage ).

For a simple metal where there is only one type of charge carrier ( electrons ) the Hall voltage V < sub > H </ sub > is given by

For example, suppose a process commands that a computer card's voltage output be set high-low-high-low and so on at a rate of 1000 Hz.

For example, in a non-inverting amplifier ( see the figure on the right ) adding a negative feedback via the voltage divider R < sub > f </ sub >, R < sub > g </ sub > and the differential to single ended conversion is completed without gain losses.

For example, a 1 cm < sup > 3 </ sup > cube of quartz with 2 kN ( 500 lbf ) of correctly applied force can produce a voltage of 12500 V.

For data transmission lines ( TxD, RxD and their secondary channel equivalents ) logic one is defined as a negative voltage, the signal condition is called marking.

For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain.

For either mode, a more positive gate voltage corresponds to a higher current for N-channel devices and a lower current for P-channel devices.

For a given amount of power, high voltage reduces the current required and reduces the power lost in the conductors for practical conductor sizes.

For example, with R < sub > a </ sub >= 10000 Ohms, voltage drop on it will be

For use as a voltmeter, a series resistance is added so that the angular rotation becomes proportional to the applied voltage.

For example a meter with a sensitivity of 1000 ohms per volt would draw 1 milliampere at full scale voltage ; if the full scale was 200 volts, the resistance at the instrument's terminals would be 200, 000 ohms and at full scale the meter would draw 1 milliampere from the circuit under test.

For a given amount of power, a higher voltage reduces the current and thus the resistive losses in the conductor.

For example, raising the voltage by a factor of 10 reduces the current by a corresponding factor of 10 and therefore the I < sup > 2 </ sup > R losses by a factor of 100, provided the same sized conductors are used in both cases.

For some coccidiomorphs, the original host has become the intermediate host while in others it has become the definitive host.

For example, in copper refining, copper anodes, an intermediate product from the furnaces, are electrolysed in an appropriate solution ( such as sulfuric acid ) to yield high purity ( 99. 99 %) cathodes.

For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate ( DHAP ) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.

For example, every device ( such as an intermediate router ) forwarding an IP datagram first decrements the time to live ( TTL ) field in the IP header by one.

For example, a PLC might use 24 V DC I / O, with values above 22 V DC representing On, values below 2VDC representing Off, and intermediate values undefined.

* For forwarding X from a remote host ( possible through multiple intermediate hosts )

For development to occur, the embryo needs to be ingested by an invertebrate, almost always a crustacean ( there is one known life cycle which uses a mollusc as a first intermediate host ).

For example, spiral galaxies whose appearance is intermediate between two of the above classes are often identified by appending 2 lower-case letters to the main galaxy type ( for example56 Sbc for a galaxy that is intermediate between an Sb and an Sc ).

For more than two decades after this VistaVision was often used as an originating and intermediate format for shooting special effects since a larger negative area compensates against the increased grain created when shots are optically composited.

For the intermediate and advanced levels, dressage attire is similar to that of Grand Prix Dressage.

For 1969, Pontiac moved the Grand Prix from the full-sized lineup into a G-body model of its own based on the A-body intermediate chassis, but with distinctive styling and long hood / short deck proportions to create yet another niche product-the intermediate-sized personal-luxury car that offered the luxury and styling of the higher priced personal cars such as the Buick Riviera and Ford Thunderbird but for a much lower pricetag.

For example, in satellite television receivers, converting the microwave downlink signal to a much lower intermediate frequency at the dish allows a relatively inexpensive coaxial cable to carry the signal to the rest of the receiver inside the building.

For cytochrome c and some other proteins, it has been shown that the molten globule state is a " thermodynamic state " clearly different both from the native and the denatured state, demonstrating for the first time the existence of a third equilibirum ( i. e., intermediate ) state.

For example, given a graph G =( V, E ), the shortest path p from a vertex u to a vertex v exhibits optimal substructure: take any intermediate vertex w on this shortest path p. If p is truly the shortest path, then the path p < sub > 1 </ sub > from u to w and p < sub > 2 </ sub > from w to v are indeed the shortest paths between the corresponding vertices ( by the simple cut-and-paste argument described in CLRS ).

For example an intermediate magician ( e. g. MKL9, which is the level at which teachers become magicians and can take a student ) can cast a fireball that causes 130 to 240 Body points of damage, with an average damage of 180.

For intermediate values stored in digital computers, it often means the binary number system ( m is an integer times a power of 2 ).

For example, the Proton M uses a set of four intermediate orbits, requiring five rocket firings, to place a satellite into GEO from the high-inclination site of Baikonur Cosmodrome, in Kazakhstan.

For example, one could insert a BROWSE operation between the filtering and the aggregation step to study the intermediate table or view ( applied filter ) before the aggregation step is applied.

For example, sludge worms are sometimes considered " intermediate hosts " for whirling disease, even though it is known that the parasite causing the disease reproduces sexually inside them.

For José Ortega y Gasset, light divides the scene into three distinct parts, with foreground and background planes strongly illuminated, between which a darkened intermediate space includes silhouetted figures.

For example, a parser might return an intermediate result and a continuation that, when invoked, will continue to parse the input.

For the first several decades of publication, the Scripps annual study booklet was named Words of the Champions, which offered 3, 000 words in a list separated into beginning, intermediate & expert groupings.

For a simple example, consider the intermediate value theorem ( IVT ).