For example, the Germanic, Slavic, Romance, and Indo-Iranian language families are branches of a larger Indo-European language family.

For example, the reconstructible common ancestor of the Indo-European language family is called Proto-Indo-European.

For instance, Armenian may be referred to as an Indo-European isolate.

For example, Germanic and Iranian have a genetic relationship via Proto-Indo-European, but they do not form a valid taxon within the Indo-European language family, whereas in contrast Iranian and Indic do via Indo-Iranian, a daughter language of Proto-Indo-European that subsequently calved into Indic and Iranian.

For the literal translation, please note that Wolof does not have tenses in the sense of the Indo-European languages ; rather, Wolof marks aspect and focus of an action.

For instance, Albanian, Armenian and Greek are commonly called ' Indo-European isolates '.

For example, English is related to other Indo-European languages and Mandarin is related to other Sino-Tibetan languages.

For example, the Urheimats in which the proto-languages of the subfamilies are the Indo-European language family necessarily arose more recently than the Proto-Indo-European language family.

For example, the domestication of horses is frequently associated with the expansion of the Indo-European language family ( other linguists see an earlier expansion date which they attribute to the expansion to farming and herding ), the expansion of the Chinese language is sometimes associated first with millet and later with rice farming, and the development of crops and domesticated animals that can thrive in tropical environments may have been one factor in Bantu expansion.

For the linguistic family of the Iranian languages, a sub-branch of the Indo-European languages, see Iranian languages.

For example, the English apple is cognate to Russian яблоко ( jabloko ); they both come from an Indo-European root * āblu -.

For example, the study of Indo-European and Chinese languages ( which are not related ) benefits from comparison, of which the aim is to elucidate certain constant factors which underlie the establishment and development of any language.

For instance, grave sites in Kumak, that date back to the Bronze Age provide convincing evidence to the hypothesis of Eastern European roots of Indo-European peoples.

" For the first segment, Julius Pokorny gives the most sweeping view, deriving it from an Indo-European root * ang -, " to bend, bow.

For the history of their paradigms, see: go ( verb ) and Indo-European copula.

For example, English is related to other Indo-European languages and more specifically to the Germanic family ( West Germanic branch ), while Mandarin Chinese is related to many other Sino-Tibetan languages.

For proponents of the older theory that seeks the Indo-European homeland in central Europe in the area occupied by the preceding Funnelbeaker culture, it is similarly considered Indo-European.

For tonal languages, further classification can be based on their treatment of tone, though names do not yet exist to distinguish the various types.

For example, while most of today's Altaic languages have vowel harmony, Proto-Altaic as reconstructed by Starostin et al.

For centuries after the fall of the Achaemenid Empire in 331 BCE, Imperial Aramaic — or near enough for it to be recognisable — would remain an influence on the various native Iranian languages.

* BASIC programming language — For the Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code family of programming languages.

For example ; burgh in Scots and Middle English ; burg in German and Old English, borg in Scandinavian languages ; parcus in Latin and pyrgos in Greek.

For example, in this grammar, some special words are for teaching languages, and not part of Basic English: plural, conjugate, noun, adjective, adverb, qualifier, operator, pronoun, and directive.

For example, in both languages, the standard morphological mechanism for achieving the morphosyntactic copula is to simply execute the noun prefix syllable as breathy voiced ( or ' depressed ').

For example, programming language theory studies approaches to description of computations, while the study of computer programming itself investigates various aspects of the use of programming languages and complex systems, and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans.

For Western European languages, it is typical and fairly safe to assume Windows-1252, which is similar to ISO-8859-1 but has printable characters in place of some control codes.

For instance, nearly all Australian languages lack fricatives ; a large percentage of the world's languages, for example Mandarin Chinese, lack voiced stops as phonemes such as,, and.

For instance, an areal feature of the Pacific Northwest coast is that historical * has become palatalized in many languages, so that Saanich for example has and but no plain ; similarly, historical * in the Northwest Caucasian languages became palatalized to in Ubykh and in most Circassian dialects.

For a few illustrative examples: German speakers use " Wasserstoff " ( water substance ) for " hydrogen ", " Sauerstoff " ( acid substance ) for " oxygen " and " Stickstoff " ( smothering substance ) for " nitrogen ", while English and some romance languages use " sodium " for " natrium " and " potassium " for " kalium ", and the French, Italians, Greeks, Portuguese and Poles prefer " azote / azot / azoto " ( from roots meaning " no life ") for " nitrogen ".

For both these languages, however, revitalization movements have led to the adoption of these languages by adults and children and produced some native speakers.

For example, Spanish and French both come from Latin and therefore belong to the same family, the Romance languages.

For example, in formal languages like mathematics, a ' stipulative ' definition guides a specific discussion.

For political reasons, analyzing these varieties as " languages " or " dialects " yields inconsistent results: British and American English, spoken by close political and military allies, are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language, whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia, which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English, are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages, largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies.

For a comprehensive list of the collating orders in various languages, see Collating sequence.

For example, it is highly US-centric because of the nature of the system, and it has been translated into far fewer languages than DDC and UDC.

For instance, one common function in most languages is the, which returns some human-readable form for the object.

For instance, you might wish to add spell checking to all s, which in most languages would require access to the source code of the string class — and such basic classes are rarely given out in source form.

For example, comparative law can help international legal institutions, such as those of the United Nations System, in analyzing the laws of different countries regarding their treaty obligations.

For example, the theory of evolution is supported by a convergence of evidence from genetics, molecular biology, paleontology, geology, biogeography, comparative anatomy, comparative physiology, and many others.

For this reason Ganda linguists use the orthogonal numbering system when discussing Ganda grammar ( other than in the context of Bantu comparative linguistics ), giving the 10 traditional noun classes of that language.

For instance, it does not explain terms like invisible hand, macroeconomics, or demand curve, and may take just six or seven words to explain the theory of comparative advantage.

For example, agricultural research frequently uses randomized experiments ( e. g., to test the comparative effectiveness of different fertilizers ).

For many years, the district held the distinction of the lowest per pupil spending in the state using comparative financial data from the Rhode Island Department of Education.

For example, a physicist had to spend periods of several weeks on a remote island in comparative isolation.

For example, in his treatise on mineralogy, Kitab al-Jamahir ( Book of Precious Stones ), he is " the most exact of experimental scientists ", while in the introduction to his study of India, he declares that " to execute our project, it has not been possible to follow the geometric method " and develops comparative sociology as a scientific method in the field.

For example, economists debate whether developing countries should focus on their comparative advantage by promoting mostly resource-and labour-intensive products and services, or invest in higher-productivity industries, which may only become competitive in the longer term.

( For comparative purposes we may refer to this generally as a dental, although in some of the languages, including most varieties of English, / t / and / d / are alveolar rather than dental consonants.

For both Xander and Ron, their comparative lack of special gifts " accentuates the loyalty and bravery ... offers as a friend " given that the characters often place themselves in mortal danger.

For sentences with the two clauses other two-part comparative subordinating conjunctions may be used:

For some one-syllable adjectives, the comparative of adjectives may be used interchangeably with the comparative of adverbs, with no change in meaning: " My new car starts more quickly than the old one " or " My new car starts quicker than the old one ".

For the comparative superlative they use the words " mais " and " più " between the article and the adjective, like " most " in English.

For example: " sinine " ( blue ) comparative form is " sinisem " and therefore superlative form is " kõige sinisem ".

For a detailed comparative law discussion, see automatism ( case law )

For its teaching and scholarship, Columbia is lauded in international and comparative law, corporate and securities law, administrative law, bankruptcy law, commercial law, criminal law and procedure, critical race theory, gender studies, intellectual property, labor and employment law, legal history and legal theory, public interest and human rights law.

: For the English physician, zoologist and comparative anatomist ( 18231890 ), see William Kitchen Parker

For adjectives and adverbs, diminutives in Polish are grammatically separate from comparative forms.

For example, comparative analysis of upstream regions of several genes expected to be co-regulated led to the description of the S-box ( now the SAM-I riboswitch ), the THI-box ( a region within the TPP riboswitch ), the RFN element ( now the FMN riboswitch ) and the B < sub > 12 </ sub >- box ( a part of the cobalamin riboswitch ), and in some cases experimental demonstrations that they were involved in gene regulation via an unknown mechanism.

For this reason substantial effort is made by producers of personality tests to produce norms to provide a comparative basis for interpreting a respondent's test scores.

For most of its history, biological taxonomy and systematics were conducted using comparative morphology.