For example, antibacterial selection within whole bacterial populations for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria – Delbrück experiment.

For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes.

For example, the upstream regions ( promoters ) of co-expressed genes can be searched for over-represented regulatory elements.

For example, the tumor-inducing ( Ti ) plasmid of Agrobacterium and the root-tumor inducing ( Ri ) plasmid of A. rhizogenes contain genes that are capable of transferring to plant cells.

For example, many people with cancer not only inherit the disease gene for the disorder, but may have also failed to inherit specific tumor suppressor genes.

For bipolar I, the ( probandwise ) concordance rates in modern studies have been consistently put at around 40 % in monozygotic twins ( same genes ), compared to 0 to 10 % in dizygotic twins.

For example, DNA ligases are used with restriction enzymes to insert DNA fragments, often genes, into plasmids.

For example, while genes play a role in determining an organism's size, the nutrition and health it experiences after inception also have a large effect.

For example, a gene from a jellyfish, encoding a fluorescent protein called GFP, can be physically linked and thus co-expressed with mammalian genes to identify the location of the protein encoded by the GFP-tagged gene in the mammalian cell.

For example, the identity of proteins of the immune system ( e. g. antibodies ), and the mechanism by which they recognize and bind to foreign antigens would remain very obscure if not for the extensive use of in vitro work to isolate the proteins, identify the cells and genes that produce them, study the physical properties of their interaction with antigens, and identify how those interactions lead to cellular signals that activate other components of the immune system.

For the vast majority of autosomal genes, expression occurs from both alleles simultaneously.

For example, introns are extremely common within the nuclear genome of higher vertebrates ( e. g. humans and mice ), where protein-coding genes almost always contain multiple introns, while introns are rare within the nuclear genes of some eukaryotic microorganisms, for example baker's / brewer's yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ).

For example, the human eye uses four genes to make structures that sense light: three for color vision and one for night vision ; all four arose from a single ancestral gene.

For example, the human eye uses four genes to make structures that sense light: three for color vision and one for night vision ; all four arose from a single ancestral gene.

For instance, genes create an abstract information framework within which multicellular organisms may modify the topology of the epigenetic information state space in order to adapt and subsequently evolve.

For instance, a beaver dam might be considered a phenotype of beaver genes, the same way beavers ' powerful incisor teeth are phenotype expressions of their genes.

For example, fully understanding the key set of genes to the human leucocyte antigen has been described as being " the Rosetta Stone of immunology ".

For example, Hnf4 and MyoD enhance the transcription of many liver-and muscle-specific genes, respectively, including their own, through the transcription factor activity of the proteins they encode.

For example, TBR1 transcription factor regulates RELN along with other T-element-containing genes.

For example, both SCOP and CATH categorize structures according to type of structure and assumed evolutionary relations ; GO categorize structures based on genes.

For this reason, serious phylogenetic studies generally use a combination of genes that come from different genomic sources ( e. g., from mitochondrial or plastid vs. nuclear genomes ), or genes that would be expected to evolve under different selective regimes, so that homoplasy ( false homology ) would be unlikely to result from natural selection.

For expository purposes, this is best treated as a model which spells out the conditions under which an important industry affected with the public interest would find it profitable to raise wages even in the absence of union pressures for higher wages.

More technically, the law is concerned with the speedup achievable from an improvement to a computation that affects a proportion P of that computation where the improvement has a speedup of S. ( For example, if an improvement can speed up 30 % of the computation, P will be 0. 3 ; if the improvement makes the portion affected twice as fast, S will be 2.

For affected animals which do not die, recovery is very slow, lasting several months.

For identification by light microscopy, a scraping or swab of the affected area is placed on a microscope slide.

For example, the dynamic history of the planetary atmosphere's CO < sub > 2 </ sub > and O < sub > 2 </ sub > composition has been affected by the biogenic flux of gases coming from respiration and photosynthesis, with levels fluctuating over time in relation to the ecology and evolution of plants and animals.

For years, Seatopia, the undersea civilization, has been heavily affected by nuclear testing conducted by the surface nations of the world.

For both Whitehead and Hartshorne, it is an essential attribute of God to be fully involved in and affected by temporal processes, an idea that conflicts with traditional forms of theism that hold God to be in all respects non-temporal ( eternal ), unchanging ( immutable ), and unaffected by the world ( impassible ).

For example, a person's height is affected by genetics, but if they are malnourished growth will be stunted no matter what their genetic coding says.

Comedian and television presenter Bob Saget, a board member of the SRF, directed the 1996 ABC TV movie For Hope, starring Dana Delany, which depicts a young woman fatally affected by scleroderma ; the film was based on the experiences of Saget's sister Gay.

For example, in " Anyone who thinks they have been affected should contact their doctor ", they and their are within the scope of the universal, distributive quantifier anyone, and can be interpreted as referring to an unspecified individual or to people in general ( notwithstanding the fact that " anyone " is strictly grammatically singular ).

For example, the solid part of the Earth is affected by tides, though this is not as easily seen as the water tidal movements.

For journeys into affected areas, vaccination is highly recommended since mostly non-native people are affected by severe cases of yellow fever.

For many years, copepods of the genus Mesocyclops have been used in Vietnam for fighting Dengue fever ( yellow fever does not occur in Asia ), with the effect that in the affected areas no cases of Dengue fever have occurred since 2001.

For a small basin in the Italian Alps ( area = 1. 76 km² ) affected by a debris flow, Chiarle and Luino ( 1998 ) estimated a peak discharge of 750 m < sup > 3 </ sup >/ s for a section located in the middle stretch of the main channel.

For example, an infarction ( blockage of blood flow to muscular tissue ) causes necrosis of muscle tissue due to lack of oxygen to the affected cell, such as occurs in a myocardial infarction -- a heart attack.

For example, Call waiting, caller ID and ADSL services are often affected by high REN.

For more information, please see List of people affected by bipolar disorder.

For example, if people living near a factory had a right to clean air and water, or the factory had the right to pollute, then either the factory could pay those affected by the pollution or the people could pay the factory not to pollute.

For Raeder, the idea that all of the suffering and sacrifice of the Great War, which had affected him personally was all in vain was unthinkable, and he become obsessed with making certain that Germany would one day obtain the " world power status " that the Reichs leaders had sought, but failed to achieve in the Great War.

For example: how is the strength of a magnet affected by glass, plastic, and cardboard?

For instance, those affected with NF 2 might benefit from a surgical decompression of the vestibular tumors to prevent deafness.

For some time, problems at the front of the pen went unnoticed, except by those affected, as attention was absorbed by the match.

For example, basic leg coordination of walking was normal, whereas speed, activity, and turning were affected.