For example, the introduction of FM stereo transmission allowed backward compatibility since new FM radio receivers could receive monaural signals generated by old transmitters.

For example, raw uncompressed PCM audio ( 44. 1 kHz, 16 bit stereo, as represented on an audio CD or in a. wav or. aiff file ) has long been a standard across multiple platforms, but its transmission over networks is slow and expensive compared with more modern compressed formats, such as MP3.

For example, humans, although being in a communicative phase, are not a communicative civilization ; we do not practice such activities as the purposeful and regular transmission of interstellar messages.

For large electrical demands electrical energy must be generated and transmitted continuously over conductive transmission lines.

For transmission electron microscopy, a diamond knife mounted in an ultramicrotome is used to cut 50-nanometer-thick tissue sections which are mounted on a 3-millimeter-diameter copper grid.

For this application, the hash function must be as insensitive as possible to data capture or transmission errors, and to " trivial " changes such as timing and volume changes, compression, etc.

For this reason, Paul VI teaches in the first sentence of Humanae Vitae, that the transmission of human life is a most serious role in which married people collaborate freely and responsibly with God the Creator.

For the benefit of reducing network complexity, the intelligence in the network is purposely mostly located in the end nodes of each data transmission, cf.

For the transmission of Iranian doctrine from East to West, Cumont postulated a plausible, if hypothetical, intermediary: the Magusaeans of the Iranian diaspora in Anatolia.

For added security, secret numbers could be combined with ( usually modular addition ) each code group before transmission, with the secret numbers being changed periodically ( this was called superencryption ).

For data transmission lines ( TxD, RxD and their secondary channel equivalents ) logic one is defined as a negative voltage, the signal condition is called marking.

For its transmission speed, RTTY has low spectral efficiency.

* Termination and ringing: For long wires ( wires longer than 1 / 6 wavelengths can be considered long ) must be modeled as transmission lines and take termination into account.

* Wireless Channel Effects: For wireless systems, all of the effects associated with wireless transmission limit the SNR and bandwidth of the received signal, and therefore the maximum number of bits that can be sent.

For example in file transmission, the " goodput " corresponds to the file size ( in bits ) divided by the file transmission time.

For AC it was, though all transmission lines in use today are substantially shorter.

For a long transmission line, the lower losses and reduced construction cost of a DC line can offset the additional cost of converter stations at each end.

For example, a continuous audio signal, transmitted as a sequence of 1s and 0s, can be reconstructed without error provided the noise picked up in transmission is not enough to prevent identification of the 1s and 0s.

For a parallel 2-wire transmission line,

For the transmission of single-phase electric power as used for railway electrification systems, two conductors are used to carry in-phase and out-of-phase voltages such that the line is balanced.

For example, a switched analog connection in the telephone network has energy below 300 Hz and above 3400 Hz removed by bandpass filtering ; since the signal has no energy very close to zero frequency, it may not be considered a baseband signal, but in the telephone systems frequency-division multiplexing hierarchy, it is usually treated as a baseband signal, by comparison with the modulated signals used for long-distance transmission.

For example, it is employed in professional wireless microphones since the dynamic range of the microphone audio signal itself is larger than the dynamic range provided by radio transmission.

# For serial transmission in a single channel, the DSR reduces to ( 1 / T ) log < sub > 2 </ sub > n ; with a two-condition modulation, i. e. n = 2, the DSR is 1 / T, according to Hartley's law.

# For parallel transmission with equal unit intervals and equal numbers of significant conditions on each channel, the DSR is ( m / T ) log < sub > 2 </ sub > n ; in the case of a two-condition modulation, this reduces to m / T.

For purposes of this explanation, this percentage is referred to as the State's `` unadjusted Federal share ''.

For purposes of sample selection only ( individual tests were given later ) we obtained group test scores of reading achievement and intelligence from school records of the entire third-grade population in each school system.

For expository purposes, this is best treated as a model which spells out the conditions under which an important industry affected with the public interest would find it profitable to raise wages even in the absence of union pressures for higher wages.

For the purposes of setting the product price, the industry behaves as a single entity.

For the purposes of this discussion, the problem of relative prices is encompassed in these two variables, since GNP includes other prices.

For our present purposes we assume that the sole subject of bargaining is the basic wage rate ( not including productivity improvement factors or cost-of-living adjustments ), and it is this basic wage rate which determines the level of costs.

'' For present purposes it may be assumed that this charge so narrowly limited speech as to violate the federal Constitution.

For all practical purposes, the West stands disunited, undedicated, and unprepared for the tasks of world leadership.

For their purposes, oxygen and other gases were not drawn from the surrounding atmosphere through the medium of lungs but sustained artificially by solution in their shells.

For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all of the land and ice shelves south of 60 ° S latitude.

For geopolitical purposes, the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt – east of the Suez Canal – is often considered part of Africa.

For socket numbers, a few well-known numbers were reserved for special purposes specific to the AppleTalk protocol itself.

For example, letters 1, 5, and 8 contain a discussion on the question, whether the use of a piece of metal with the figure of a lion, as a talisman, is permitted by Jewish law for medicinal purposes, or is prohibited as idolatrous.

For administrative purposes the archipelago constitutes the comune of Favignana in the Province of Trapani.

For comparison purposes that is approximately the same size as Aylesbury, Carlisle, Guildford or Scunthorpe urban areas.

For commercial purposes, it is derived primarily from Gelidium amansii.

For statistical purposes, Baker is grouped with the United States Minor Outlying Islands.

For purposes of scoring and reference, each player is identified by one of the points of the compass and thus North and South play against East and West.

For calendric purposes, Bede made a new calculation of the age of the world since the creation, which he dated as 3952 BC.

For scoring purposes, a standing eight count is treated as a knockdown.

For all practical purposes that was the Baltic language until 1919.

For most purposes, most jurisdictions, including the U. S. federal system and most states, have merged the two courts.

For purposes of international communication and trade, the official names of the chemical elements both ancient and more recently recognized are decided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ), which has decided on a sort of international English language, drawing on traditional English names even when an element's chemical symbol is based on a Latin or other traditional word, for example adopting " gold " rather than " aurum " as the name for the 79th element ( Au ).

For international banks, including the 55 member central banks of the Bank for International Settlements, the threshold is 8 % ( see the Basel Capital Accords ) of risk-adjusted assets, whereby certain assets ( such as government bonds ) are considered to have lower risk and are either partially or fully excluded from total assets for the purposes of calculating capital adequacy.

For enumeration purposes the country is demarcated into 4, 042 enumeration areas.