The term " formalism " was first used by the adversaries of the movement, and as such it conveys a meaning explicitly rejected by the Formalists themselves.

The Formalists were thus accused of being politically reactionary because of such unpatriotic remarks as Shklovsky's ( quoted by Trotsky ) that " Art was always free of life, and its color never reflected the color of the flag which waved over the fortress of the City " ( 164 ).

The Formalists were thus accused of being politically reactionary because of such unpatriotic remarks as Shklovsky's ( quoted by Trotsky ) that " Art was always free of life, and its color never reflected the color of the flag which waved over the fortress of the City " ( 164 ).

Formalists are relatively tolerant and inviting to new approaches to logic, non-standard number systems, new set theories etc.

Building on the ideas of the Russian Formalists, the Prague School developed the concept of foregrounding, whereby poetic language stands out from the background of non-literary language by means of deviation ( from the norms of everyday language ) or parallelism.

Roman Jakobson had been an active member of the Russian Formalists and the Prague School, before emigrating to America in the 1940s.

Formalists within a discipline are completely concerned with " the rules of the game ," as there is no other external truth that can be achieved beyond those given rules.

However, with revisionism chipping away at the reputations of the latter groups, and the emergence of Dana Gioia and the New Formalists in the late 20th century, Ciardi's type of mostly understated verse, his work is much more culturally relevant than it once was.

However, antecedents can be found in the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in his vision of " world literature " ( Weltliteratur ) and Russian Formalists credited Alexander Veselovsky with laying the groundwork for the discipline.

In the words of one of the foremost Formalists, Boris Eichenbaum: " It is difficult to recall who coined this name, but it was not a very felicitous coinage.

Russian Formalists advocated a " scientific " method for studying poetic language, to the exclusion of traditional psychological and cultural-historical approaches.

Formalists do not agree with one another on exactly what a device or " priem " is, nor how these devices are used or how they are to be analyzed in a given text.

Disappointed by the constraints of the mechanistic method some Russian Formalists adopted the organic model.

Having shifted the focus of study from an isolated technique to a hierarchically structured whole, the organic Formalists overcame the main shortcoming of the mechanists.

The diachronic dimension was incorporated into the work of the systemic Formalists.

Even though the systemic Formalists incorporated the social dimension into literary theory and acknowledged the analogy between language and literature the figures of author and reader were pushed to the margins of this paradigm.

The figures of author and reader were likewise downplayed by the linguistic Formalists Lev Jakubinsky and Roman Jakobson.

In other words, for the Formalists, literature is set apart because it is just that: set apart.

Some of the more outspoken New Formalists have declared that the return to rhyme and more fixed meters to be the new avant-garde.

Formalists would then pronounce that she or he does so due to placing a high value on helping others, and so sacrificing other goals in order to maximize this value and thereby to gain utility ( e. g. meaning, satisfaction of having helped, approval from others etc .).

It is here also, that Bakhtin differentiates himself from the Formalists, who, he felt, underestimated the importance of content while oversimplifying change, and the Structuralists, who too rigidly adhered to the concept of " code.

As a literary theorist, Bakhtin is associated with the Russian Formalists, and his work is compared with that of Yuri Lotman ; in 1963 Roman Jakobson mentioned him as one of the few intelligent critics of Formalism.

' This was first proposed by the Russian Formalists, who employed the couplet fabula and sjuzet.

This is the lesson of the Russian Formalists, of Bertolt Brecht ’ s Verfremdungseffekt and of Friedrich Nietzche ’ s understanding of Goethe ’ s belief that knowledge must quicken activity rather than lead to complacence.

Its theoretical lineage is traceable to Aristotle ( Poetics ) but modern narratology is agreed to have begun with the Russian Formalists, particularly Vladimir Propp ( Morphology of the Folktale, 1928 ).

Because Chaplin was not a trained musician, he could not read notes and needed the help of professional composers, such as David Raksin, Raymond Rasch and Eric James, when creating his scores.

Raymond has refused to speculate on whether the " bazaar " development model could be applied to works such as books and music, not wanting to " weaken the winning argument for open-sourcing software by tying it to a potential loser ".

Some, such as John of Salisbury and William of Tyre say Eleanor's reputation was sullied by rumours of an affair with her uncle Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch.

Some, such as Eric Raymond, criticise the speed at which the free software movement is progressing, suggesting that temporary compromises should be made for long-term gains.

Nevertheless, scholars such as Raymond Edward Brown continue to consider this hypothesis a plausible possibility.

Contemporary American writers in this tradition include Joyce Carol Oates, in such novels as Bellefleur and A Bloodsmoor Romance and short story collections such as Night-Side ( Skarda 1986b ) and Raymond Kennedy in his novel Lulu Incognito.

Certain initiates such as Alex Sanders and Raymond Buckland who brought his take on the Gardnerian tradition to the United States in 1964 started off their own major traditions allowing further expansion.

Essentially self-taught, Kirby cited among his influences the comic strip artists Milton Caniff, Hal Foster, and Alex Raymond, as well as such editorial cartoonists as C. H. Sykes, " Ding " Darling, and Rollin Kirby.

In the 1980s, many more IRA members were imprisoned on the testimony of former IRA members known as " supergrasses " such as Raymond Gilmour.

Politicians such as René Pleven, who later became Prime Minister, and officers as General Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, Lieutenant René Amiot, Captain Raymond Delange, Colonel Edgar De Larminat and Adolphe Sicé helped him to gain control of the AEF territory.

Industrial design firm Raymond Loewy / William Snaith recommended emphasizing habitability and comfort for the astronauts by, for example, providing a wardroom for meals and relaxation, and a window to view the Earth and space, although astronauts who participated in Skylab planning were dubious about the designers ' focus on areas such as color schemes.

Wider views of Cubism include artists who were later associated with the ‘ Salle 41 ’ artists, e. g., Francis Picabia ; the brothers Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Marcel Duchamp, who from late 1911 formed the core of the Section d ' Or ( or the Puteaux Group ); the sculptors Alexander Archipenko, Joseph Csaky and Ossip Zadkine as well as Jacques Lipchitz and Henri Laurens ; and painters such as Louis Marcoussis, Roger de La Fresnaye, František Kupka, Diego Rivera, Léopold Survage, Auguste Herbin, André Lhote, Gino Severini ( after 1916 ), María Blanchard ( after 1916 ) and Georges Valmier ( after 1918 ).

Cullen examined the traditional artistic approach to city design of theorists such as Camillo Sitte, Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin.

The last names " Flintstone " and " Rubble ", as well as other common Bedrock surnames such as " Shale " and " Quartz ", are in line with these puns, as are the names of Bedrock's celebrities: " Gary Granite " ( Cary Grant ), " Stony Curtis " ( Tony Curtis ), " Ed Sulleyrock / Sulleystone " ( Ed Sullivan ), " Rock Pile / Quarry / Hudstone " ( Rock Hudson ), " Ann-Margrock " ( Ann-Margret ), " Jimmy Darrock " ( James Darren ), " Alvin Brickrock " ( Alfred Hitchcock ), " Perry Masonry / Masonite " ( Perry Mason as played by Raymond Burr ), " Mick Jadestone and The Rolling Boulders " ( Mick Jagger and The Rolling Stones ), " Eppy Brianstone " ( Brian Epstein ) and " The Beau Brummelstones " ( The Beau Brummels ).

Gerald was proud to be related to some of the Norman invaders of Ireland, such as his maternal uncle Robert Fitz-Stephen and Raymond FitzGerald, and his influential account, which portrays the Irish as barbaric savages, gives important insight into Anglo-Norman views of Ireland and the history of the invasion.

Artists ' associations such as Les Nabis and the Incoherents were formed and individuals including Vincent van Gogh, Pierre Brissaud, Alfred Jarry, Gen Paul, Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Henri Matisse, André Derain, Suzanne Valadon, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Edgar Degas, Maurice Utrillo, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Théophile Steinlen, and African-American expatriates such as Langston Hughes worked in Montmartre and drew some of their inspiration from the area.

One such example is the artist Raymond Kaskey's 1985 statue Portlandia, an iconic symbol of the city of Portland, Oregon.

Opponents partly blamed Asquith for events such as the Easter Rising in Ireland ( April 1916 ) and the slow progress and high casualties of the 1916 Battle of the Somme, at which Asquith's son Raymond was killed.

Some commentators disagree, including American GM Reuben Fine, who wrote that " if we examine Morphy's record and games critically, we cannot justify such extravaganza ", and British GM Raymond Keene.

In the second half of the 20th century mathematician Raymond M. Smullyan has continued and expanded the branch of logic puzzles with books such as The Lady or the Tiger ?, To Mock a Mockingbird and Alice in Puzzle-Land.

Now known more for its Lake Luzerne Chamber Music Festival, artists such as classical guitarist Joel Brown, the Imani Winds, violinist Raymond Gniewek, and jazz greats Chris and Dave Brubeck perform during the summer months.

In June 1950, Trevor-Roper attended a conference in Berlin of anti-Communist intellectuals such as Sidney Hook, Melvin J. Lasky, Ignazio Silone, Arthur Koestler, Raymond Aron and Franz Borkenau that resulted in the founding of the Congress for Cultural Freedom and its magazine Encounter.

While Raymond Garlick discovered sixty-nine Welsh men and women who wrote in English prior to the twentieth century, Dafydd Johnston thinks it " debatable whether such writers belong to a recognisable Anglo-Welsh literature, as opposed to English literature in general ".