Foucault died of what was probably a rapidly developing case of multiple sclerosis on February 11, 1868 in Paris and was buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre.

* September 18-Léon Foucault ( died 1868 ), physicist.

The French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace, working at the École Polytechnique in Paris, recommended the machine for use as a teaching aid, and thus it came to the attention of Léon Foucault.

Rejecting his father's wishes that he become a surgeon, in 1945 Foucault traveled to the French capital of Paris, where he enrolled in one of the country's most prestigious secondary schools, which was also known as the Lycée Henri-IV.

Derrida's critique came in the form of a lecture he gave on " The Cogito and the History of Madness " at the University of Paris on 4 March 1963, accusing Foucault of advocating metaphysics.

In the aftermath of 1968, the French government created a new experimental university, Paris VIII, at Vincennes and appointed Foucault the first head of its philosophy department in December of that year.

In the summer of 1983, he noticed that he had a persistent dry cough ; friends in Paris became concerned that he may have contracted the HIV / AIDS virus then sweeping the San Francisco gay population, but Foucault insisted that he had nothing more than a pulmonary infection that would clear up when he spent the autumn of 1983 in California.

Foucault entered Paris ' Hôpital de la Salpêtrière – the same institution that he had studied in Madness and Civilisation – on 9 June 1984, with neurological symptoms complicated by septicemia.

He was released ( or " expelled ", as the Czechoslovakian government put it ) after the interventions of the Mitterrand government, and the assistance of Michel Foucault, returning to Paris on January 1, 1982.

The Foucault pendulum at Panthéon, Paris.

The first public exhibition of a Foucault pendulum took place in February 1851 in the Meridian of the Paris Observatory.

A few weeks later Foucault made his most famous pendulum when he suspended a 28 kg brass-coated lead bob with a 67 meter long wire from the dome of the Panthéon, Paris.

Animation of a Foucault pendulum at the Pantheon in Paris ( 48 ° 52 ' North ), with the Earth's rotation rate greatly exaggerated.

Foucault was the son of a publisher in Paris, where he was born on September 18, 1819.

In 1867, using the 40 cm Foucault telescope at the Paris Observatory, astronomers Charles Wolf and Georges Rayet discovered three stars in the constellation Cygnus ( now designated HD191765, HD192103 and HD192641 ) that displayed broad emission bands on an otherwise continuous spectrum.

* February-First public exhibition of a Foucault pendulum, at the Meridian of the Paris Observatory, demonstrating the Earth's rotation.

Paris: Foucault.

The amende honorable was sometimes incorporated into a larger ritual of capital punishment ( specifically the French version of drawing and quartering ) for parricides and regicides ; this is described in the 1975 book Discipline and Punish by Michel Foucault, notably in reference to Robert-François Damiens who was condemned to make the amende honorable before the main door of the Church of Paris in 1757.

* Editor of issues of REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE PHILOSOPHIE ( Paris, Bruxelles ): " Foucault " ( 1990 ), " Lacan " ( 1992 ), " Auguste Comte " ( 1998 ), " Nietzsche " ( 2000 ).

In the philosopher's later years, interpreters of Foucault's work attempted to engage with the problems presented by the fact that the late Foucault seemed in tension with the philosopher's earlier work.

That is to say, that in this case, for Foucault, "...' government ' also signified problems of self-control, guidance for the family and for children, management of the house hold, directing the soul, etc.

The next general theme Foucault then introduces to the lectures is the German Ordoliberalism, the Freiburg School which produced general problems among themselves, namely the state apparatus and its reconstruction after the Second World War.

However, Foucault notices specific problems began to emerge for neo-liberalism, not only specific to neo-liberalism was how to incorporate civil society, political power ; and Homo oeconomicus into a non-substitutable, irreducible atom of interest.

Foucault manages to trace this anomaly through the subject of right ( known as consent of the governed the theory of right of that legal theorists of the 18th century tried to establish during their legal discourse ) which did receive a great deal of attention because of what was perceived at the time of problems regarding the sovereign's power.

Many of today's academics that employ the term, cultural imperialism, are heavily informed by the work of Foucault, Derrida, Said, and other poststructrualist and postcolonialist theorists.

Informed by the work of Noam Chomsky, Michel Foucault, and Antonio Gramsci, Edward Said is considered to be a founding figure for postcolonialism.

However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th and 20th century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Derrida, Althusser and Deleuze.

Political freedom has also been theorized in its opposition to ( and a condition of ) " power relations ", or the power of " action upon actions ," by Michel Foucault.

It would be taken up by Nietzsche, John Dewey and Michel Foucault directly, as well as in the work of numerous artists and authors.

* Histoire de la folie à l ' âge classique ( Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason ), a book by Michel Foucault

Using ideas about power and subjectification first broached by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish, and the linguistic theories of J. L. Austin, Butler argued that sex was an effect rather than the cause of social gender difference, and that the fiction of a stable core gender identity was maintained through socially coerced performances of gender.

However, by the late 1960s, many of Structuralism's basic tenets came under attack from a new wave of predominantly French intellectuals such as the philosopher and historian Michel Foucault, the philosopher and social commentator Jacques Derrida, the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, and the literary critic Roland Barthes.

Drawing on Michel Foucault ’ s concept of liberal government, Tony Bennett has suggested the development of more modern 19th century museums was part of new strategies by Western governments to produce a citizenry that, rather than be directed by coercive or external forces, monitored and regulated its own conduct.

Scholars inspired by Durkheim include Marcel Mauss, Maurice Halbwachs, Célestin Bouglé, Alfred Radcliffe-Brown, Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton, Jean Piaget, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Ferdinand de Saussure, Michel Foucault, Clifford Geertz, Peter Berger, Robert Bellah and others.

Gyroscope invented by Léon Foucault in 1852.

Discourse according to Foucault ( 1977, 1980, 2003 ) is related to power as it operates by rules of exclusion.

During this period, Foucault was aided in his studies by a personal tutor, the philosopher Louis Girard.

Attaining excellent results at the school, in the autumn of 1946 Foucault was admitted to the elite École Normale Supérieure ( ENS ); in order to get in, he had to undertake a series of exams and oral interrogation by Georges Canguilhem and Pierre-Maxime Schuhl.

In August 1953, Foucault and Barraqué went on a holiday to Italy, where the philosopher immersed himself in Untimely Meditations ( 1873 – 1876 ), a collection of four essays authored by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche ( 1844 – 1900 ).

Taking an interest in literature, Foucault was an avid reader of the book reviews authored by the philosopher Maurice Blanchot ( 1907 – 2003 ), which were published in the Nouvelle Revue Française.

Eventually finishing his doctoral thesis, Foucault initially hoped that it would be accepted by Uppsala University, but Stirn Lindroth, a historian of science at the university, was unimpressed by his work, asserting that it was full of speculative generalisations and was a poor work of history.

Foucault had initially received an offer of publication from the Presses Universitaires de France, but he wanted his work to be published by a popular rather than an academic press, so that it would reach a wider audience.

Brought out by Gallimard, it had been written in under two months, and would be described by Foucault biographer David Macey as " a very personal book " that resulted from a " love affair " with Roussel's work.

Foucault was also selected to be among the " Eighteen Man Commission " that assembled between November 1963 and March 1964 to discuss university reforms that were to be implemented by Christian Fouchet, the Gaullist Minister of National Education.

In April 1966, Gallimard brought out another significant work by Foucault, Les Mots et les choses: Une archéologie des sciences humaines (" The words and the things "), which was later translated into English as The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences.