In Berlin he published his views of the chemical laws of nature in German and this was issued in French translation ( Paris, 1813 ) under the title Recherches Sur l'identite Des Forces chimiques et electriques, a work held in very high esteem by the new generation of research chemists.

The title abbé ( French ; Ital.

In the German Evangelical Church the German title of Abt ( abbot ) is sometimes bestowed, like the French abbé, as an honorary distinction, and survives to designate the heads of some monasteries converted at the Reformation into collegiate foundations.

168, No. 1 ( I: Moderato cantabile ), provides the title and a motif for the French novella Moderato Cantabile by Marguerite Duras.

In 1835 the French Academy sent Antoine on a scientific mission to Brazil, the results being published at a later date ( 1873 ) under the title of Observations relatives à la physique du globe faites au Bresil et en Ethiopie.

The title was also used in other city states and also revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic.

The film's original French title is Le fond de l ' air est rouge, which means " the air is essentially red ", or " revolution is in the air ", implying that the socialist movement existed only in the air.

On the same day the French King Louis XII named Cesare Duke of Valentinois, and this title, along with his former position as Cardinal of Valencia, explains the nickname " Valentino ".

Despite being deprived of his French troops after the conquest of those two cities, Borgia returned to Rome to celebrate a triumph and to receive the title of Papal Gonfalonier from his father.

The rank of commodore derives from the French commandeur, which was one of the highest ranks in orders of knighthood, and in military orders the title of the knight in charge of a commenda ( a local part of the order's territorial possessions ).

This area is centred around fortresses such as Montségur and Carcassonne ; also the French département of the Aude uses the title Pays Cathare in tourist brochures.

Its title track, though only reaching number 24 in the UK singles chart, gained lasting popularity, and within months had been released in both German and French.

Napoleon relinquished the title of Emperor of the French on 6 April and again on 11 April 1814.

Since 3 May 1814, the Sovereign Principality of Elba was created a miniature non-hereditary Monarchy under the exiled French Emperor Napoleon I. Napoleon I was allowed, by the treaty of Fontainebleau with ( 27 April ), to enjoy, for life, the imperial title.

Napoleon I's nephew, Napoleon III, resurrected the title of emperor on 2 December 1852, after establishing the Second French Empire in a presidential coup, subsequently approved by a plebiscite.

The emperors of the last dynasty of Vietnam hold this title with true power until the French conquered Vietnam and established their domination on the land.

The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the " road to servitude ".

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, following the French Revolution of 1789, a hugely influential grimoire was published under the title of the Grand Grimoire, which was considered particularly powerful because it involved conjuring and making a pact with the Devil's chief minister, Lucifugé Rofocale, in order to gain wealth from him.

Like journey, the distance that could be travelled in a day, the title ' journeyman ' derives from the French words for ' day ' ( jour and journée ) from which came the middle English word journei.

Given the differences of opinion within the Lord Aberdeen cabinet over the direction of foreign policy with regard to relations between Britain and the French under Napoleon III, it is not surprising that debate raged within the government as Louis Bonaparte, now assuming the title of Emperor Napoleon III of France.

Sometimes a head of state assumes office as a state becomes legal and political reality, before a formal title for the highest office is determined ; thus in the since 1 January 1960 independent republic Cameroon ( Cameroun, a former French colony ), the first President, Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo, was at first not styled président but ' merely ' known as Chef d ' état ( literal French for ' Head of State ') until 5 May 1960 ; in Uganda, military coup leader since 25 January 1971 Idi Amin was formally styled military head of State till 21 February 1971, only from then on regular ( but unconstitutional, not elected ) President.

After a last brief reunification ( 884 – 887 ), the imperial title ceased to be held in the western realm, which was to form the basis of the future French kingdom.

Performers include French harmonicist Nikki Gadout, Germans Steve Baker and the late Johnny Müller ( who played the title melody of the Winnetou-movies ) and German-Italian Willi Burger.

He demanded and got the following: his name was made part of the title, " John Frankenheimer's The Train "; the French co-director, demanded by French tax laws, was not allowed to ever set foot on set ; he was given total final cut ; and a Ferrari.

After the Battle of Leipzig and subsequent collapse of the French Empire in 1813, the Netherlands was restored as a " sovereign principality " with the House of Orange providing a monarch.

The independent principality of Andorra is sandwiched in the eastern portion of the mountain range between the Spanish Pyrenees and French Pyrenees.

In return the French Republic agreed to " employ all its credit at the congress of Rastadt to procure a principality for the Grand Master, equivalent to the one he gives up ".

On 30 June 1810 the French army handed over the former principality to the what was now the Kingdom of Bavaria, which it had bought from Napoleon for 15 million francs.

No less than three of the ( originally only seven ) prince-electors, the highest order of Reichsfürsten ( comparable in rank with the French pairs ), were prince-archbishops, each holding the title of Archchancellor ( the only archoffice amongst them ) for a part of the Empire ; given the higher importance of an electorate, their principalities were known as Kurfürstentum (' electoral principality ') rather than prince-archbishoprics:

After the French troops had been driven out by Russian Cossacks, the new independent state of the Netherlands, a principality, was established by the constitution of 29 March 1814, the Grondwet voor de Vereenigde Nederlanden.

In any case he renounced his claim to the principality in 1924, passing it to other French cousins that were also descended from the Grimaldi family, the counts of Chabrillan.

The principality was dissolved in 1795 during the French Revolution.

Both the Latin form ( Comes ) palatinus and the French ( comte ) palatin have been used as part of the full title of Dukes of Burgundy ( a branch of the French royal dynasty ) to render their rare German title Freigraf, which was the style of a ( later lost ) bordering principality, the allodial countship of Burgundy ( Freigrafschaft Burgund in German ) which came to be known as Franche-Comté.

The relations of the principality of Sedan to the French crown markedly influenced the earlier career of Turenne ; sometimes it proved necessary to advance the soldier to conciliate the ducal family, at other times the machinations of the ducal family against Richelieu or Mazarin prevented the king's advisers from giving their full confidence to their general in the field.

Though based in Monaco, the club is regarded as a French club, as the club plays in the French football league system, and because the principality of Monaco is not a member of UEFA.

It was issued against the advice of Brunswick himself, whose signature appeared on it ; the duke, a model sovereign in his own principality, sympathised with the constitutional side of the French Revolution, while as a soldier he had no confidence in the success of the enterprise.

When that prince was deposed by the French in 1799 the Capponi family followed him into exile at Vienna, where they remained until he exchanged his rights to the grand duchy for a German principality ( 1803 ).

The French Riviera surrounds the principality of Monaco with a total population of over two million.

In 1657, she became regent on behalf of her son for the principality of Orange, but the difficulties of her position led her to implore the assistance of Louis XIV of France ; the French king answered by seizing the principality.

The Andorran principality has the unique distinction of being ruled by two sovereigns, one of whom ( the French president ) is the only monarch in the world to be elected by common citizens — though not by the citizens of Andorra, but rather those of France.

In 2009, French president Nicolas Sarkozy threatened to abdicate as Andorran Co-prince if the principality did not change its banking laws to eliminate its longstanding status as a tax haven.

Multiple times between 1405 and 1406, the sergeants of the duke and the officers of the kings of France in certain enclaves ( French fiefs ) in Lorraine were at loggerheads and Louis of Orléans, who had received the pledges of the duke of Luxembourg, was trying to create a principality in the region.

Until 17 December 1994, Andorra formed part of the French numbering plan, with numbers beginning with 628, after which the principality adopted the country code 376.

In 1569 William appointed him governor of the principality of Orange, giving him an indisputable position in French politics.

He fought in the battles at Jarnac and Moncontour and was able to improve their French connections as governor of the principality of Orange.