It was normal Roman practice to allow allied kingdoms their independence only for the lifetime of their client king, who would agree to leave his kingdom to Rome in his will — the provinces of Bithynia and Galatia, for example, were incorporated into the Empire in just this way.

Much of the scholarship of the 1800s assumes that Galatia was a province to the north of the first missionary journey churches started through Paul and Barnabas ' ministry as described in Acts 13-14.

The main theme was that the people of Galatia have turned away from Paul's teachings.

The North Galatian view holds that the epistle was written very soon after Paul's second visit to Galatia.

The South Galatian view holds that Paul wrote Galatians before or shortly after the First Jerusalem Council, probably on his way to it, and that it was written to churches he had presumably planted during either his time in Tarsus ( he would have traveled a short distance, since Tarsus is in Cilicia ) after his first visit to Jerusalem as a Christian, or during his first missionary journey, when he traveled throughout southern Galatia.

If it was written to the believers in South Galatia, it would likely have been written in 49.

Ancient Galatia (; ) was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey.

Galatia was named for colonizing Gauls from Western and Central Europe via Thrace ( cf.

Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward.

But this arrangement soon gave way before the ambition of one of these tetrarchs, Deiotarus, the contemporary of Cicero and Julius Caesar, who made himself master of the other two tetrarchies and was finally recognized by the Romans as ' king ' of Galatia.

Upon the death of Deiotarus, the Kingdom of Galatia was given to Amyntas, an auxiliary commander in the Roman army of Brutus and Cassius who gained the favor of Mark Antony.

However, on his death in 25 BC, Galatia was incorporated by Octavian Augustus into the Roman Empire, becoming a Roman province.

It was on the walls of this temple in Galatia that the major source for the Res Gestae of Augustus were preserved for modernity.

During his second missionary journey, St. Paul of Tarsus, accompanied by Silas and Timothy (), visited the " region of Galatia ," where he was detained by sickness ().

Thus, there was a short-lived eleventh century attempt to re-establish an independent Galatia by native Galatians whose aristocracy and people appealed to Anglo-Saxon and Russo-Norman mercenaries of the Byzantine Varangian Guard and Frankish Crusaders alike in establishing a new kingdom.

The Empire was threatened by the Arabs both by land and sea ( they penetrated as far as Galatia in 714 ), and Anastasios attempted to restore peace by diplomatic means.

In Asia Minor too, the Seleucid dynasty seemed to be losing control — Gauls had fully established themselves in Galatia, semi-independent semi-Hellenized kingdoms had sprung up in Bithynia, Pontus, and Cappadocia, and the city of Pergamum in the west was asserting its independence under the Attalid Dynasty.

He was ordained and went with Paul on his journeys through Phrygia, Galatia, Mysia, Troas, Philippi, Veria, and Corinth.

Hellenistic etiology connects the name with Galatia ( first attested by Timaeus of Tauromenion in the 4th c. BC ), and it was suggested the association was inspired by the " milk-white " skin ( γάλα, gala, " milk ") of the Gauls ( Greek: Γαλάται, Galatai, Galatae ).

When the kingdom was annexed to the Roman province of Galatia in 64 – 65, the fleet passed to new commanders, becoming the Classis Pontica.

The Synod of Ancyra was an ecclesiastical council, or synod, convened in Ancyra ( modern day Ankara, the capital of Turkey ), the seat of the Roman administration for the province of Galatia, in 314.

On the west and southwest it was separated from Mysia by the river Rhyndacus and on the south it adjoined Phrygia and Galatia.

The city was built on an important crossroads between Galatia and Phrygia, and thus saw steady trade.

During the empire, Asia province was bounded by Bithynia to the north, Lycia to the south, and Galatia to the east.

It was bounded on the east by Cappadocia, on the north by Galatia, on the west by Phrygia and Pisidia, while to the south it extended to the chain of Mount Taurus, where it bordered on the country popularly called in earlier times Cilicia and in the Byzantine period Isauria ; but its boundaries varied greatly at different times.

In 1893, Sir W. M. Ramsay in The Church in the Roman Empire held that the Codex Bezae ( the Western text ) rested on a recension made in Asia Minor ( somewhere between Ephesus and southern Galatia ), not later than about the middle of the 2nd century.

Concentrates on Galatia ; volume 2 covers " The Rise of the Church ".

Paul also states that the churches of Corinth and Galatia should set aside donations on the first day for collection ().

In 264, the Goths reached Galatia and Cappadocia, and Gothic pirates landed on Cyprus and Crete.

The king of Bythnia hired Galatians to his armies and gave them a parcel of land, which became Galatia, after their defeat, brought on by their raids and warfare against the various cities in the regions.

In the early 4th century all Cilicia was detached by order of Diocletian for administrative purposes from the northern slope of Taurus, and we find a province called at first Isauria-Lycaonia, and later Isauria alone, extending up to the limits of Galatia, but not passing Taurus on the south.

Paphlagonia (; ) was an ancient area on the Black Sea coast of north central Anatolia, situated between Bithynia to the west and Pontus to the east, and separated from Phrygia ( later, Galatia ) by a prolongation to the east of the Bithynian Olympus.

* Galatia – A hamlet on the north town line.

Eusebius also records Origen's statement that he obtained these and others of Symmachus ' commentaries on the scriptures from a certain Juliana, who, he says, inherited them from Symmachus himself ( Historia Ecclesiae, VI: xvii ) Palladius of Galatia ( Historia Lausiaca, lxiv ) records that he found in a manuscript that was " very ancient " the following entry made by Origen: " This book I found in the house of Juliana, the virgin in Caesarea, when I was hiding there ; who said she had received it from Symmachus himself, the interpreter of the Jews ".

He first met with Constantius II when the emperor visited Ancyra in Galatia in the eleventh year of his reign, 347, on which occasion Themistius delivered the first of his extant orations, Peri Philanthropias.

In 364 he went, as one of the deputies from the senate, to meet Jovian at Dadastana, on the border of Galatia and Bithynia, and to confer the consulate upon him ; and on this occasion he delivered an oration, which he afterwards repeated at Constantinople, in which he claims full liberty of conscience to practice any religion.

The Latin verb iudaizare is used once in the Vulgate where the Greek verb ioudaizein occurs at Galatians 2: 14, and this was used by Augustine in his Commentary on Galatians, describing Paul's opposition in Galatia as those qui gentes cogebant iudaizare-" who though to make the Gentiles live in accordance with Jewish customs.

As Henry Howarth noted a century ago, " The Tectosages reported by Caesar as still being around the Hercynian forest were in fact living in the old homes of their race, whence a portion of them set out on their great expedition against Greece, and eventually settled in Galatia, in Asia Minor, where one of the tribes was called Tectosages.

Gangra, the capital of the Paphlagonian kingdom of Deiotarus Philadelphus, son of Castor, was absorbed into the Roman province of Galatia on his death in 65 BC.

Later, it was incorporated into the Roman province of Galatia and soon after, the Romans built a road connecting Lystra to Iconium in the north.

Ancient Anatolia is subdivided by modern scholars into various regions named after the various Indo-European ( and largely Hittite, Luwian or Greek speaking ) peoples that occupied them, such as Lydia, Lycia, Caria, Mysia, Bithynia, Phrygia, Galatia, Lycaonia, Pisidia, Paphlagonia, Cilicia, and Cappadocia.

A minority of scholars have argued that the " Galatia " is an ethnic reference to a Celtic people living in northern Asia Minor, but most agree that it is a geographical reference to the Roman province in central Asia Minor, which had been settled by immigrant Celts in the 270s BC and retained Gaulish features of culture and language in Paul's day.

The New Testament says that the churches of Galatia ( Antioch of Pisidia, Iconium, Lystra and Derbe ) were founded by Paul himself ( Acts 16: 6 ; Gal 1: 8 ; 4: 13, 4: 19 ).

* Piracy by slavetraders from Galatia ( Turkey ), along the coasts of Africa.

Finding himself unable to cope with the combined forces of Eumenes and Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia, Pharnaces is compelled to purchase peace by ceding all his conquests in Galatia and Paphlagonia, with the exception of Sinope.

The name may be linked to the Gauls ( celtic tribes ) of Galatia in Anatolia, who were known as Galli by the Romans.

Her son and successor Polemon II of Pontus was induced by Emperor Nero to abdicate the throne, and both Pontus and Colchis were incorporated in the Province of Galatia ( 63 ) and later in Cappadocia ( 81 ).

Early in the fifth century it is mentioned by Palladius of Galatia in the Historia Lausiaca, and Socrates Scholasticus tells us that, instead of being excommunicated, offending young monks were scourged.