Galileo used smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras for Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi (" I have observed the most distant planet to have a triple form ") for discovering the rings of Saturn in 1610.

As Galileo span, the EUV observed a narrow ribbon of space perpendicular to the spin axis.

Mizar, in the Big Dipper ( Ursa Major ), was observed to be double by Giovanni Battista Riccioli in 1650 ( and probably earlier by Benedetto Castelli and Galileo ).

Mizar, in Ursa Major, was observed to be double by Giovanni Battista Riccioli in 1650 ( and probably earlier by Benedetto Castelli and Galileo ).

It was not until Galileo Galilei observed the moons of Jupiter on January 7, 1610, and the phases of Venus in September, 1610 that the heliocentric model began to receive broad support among astronomers, who also came to accept the notion that the planets are individual worlds orbiting the Sun ( that is, that Earth is a planet and is one among several.

In his observations of the Moon, Galileo observed that the line separating lunar day from night ( the terminator ) was smooth where it crossed the darker regions of the moon, but quite irregular where it crossed the brighter areas.

In observing the stars, Galileo reported that he saw at least ten times as many stars through the telescope as with the naked eye, and he published star charts of the belt of Orion and the Pleiades showing some of the newly observed stars.

Around the year 1610, Galileo Galilei observed sunspots and calculated the rotation of the Sun.

Even Galileo did not notice the Orion Nebula when he first observed the star cluster within it ( previously cataloged as a single star, θ Orionis, by Johann Bayer ).

* Mizar is often said to have been the first binary star discovered when it was observed in 1650 by Giovanni Battista Riccioli < sup >, p. 1 ; </ sup >, but it was probably observed earlier, by Benedetto Castelli and Galileo.

Riccioli noted that while these differences did contradict Galileo's claim that balls of differing weight would fall at the same rate, it was possible Galileo observed the fall of bodies made of the same material but of differing sizes, for in that case the difference in fall time between the two balls is much smaller than if the balls are of same size but differing materials, or of the same weight but differing sizes, etc., and that difference is not apparent unless the balls are released from a very great height.

He is often credited with being one of the first to telescopically observe the star Mizar and note that it was a double star ; however, Castelli and Galileo observed it much earlier.

In making the case for the anomaly, he gathered and interpreted data from a wide variety of sources, including first-hand accounts from extant historical observations of the Sun going back to the telescopic observations of Galileo and other contemporary scientists of the 17th and early 18th centuries ; from historical reports of the aurora borealis observed in past centuries in Europe and the New World ; from visual observations of sunspots seen with the unaided eye at sunrise and sunset in dynastic records from the Orient ; from existing descriptions of the eclipsed Sun ; and from measurements of carbon-14 in dated tree-rings.

Galileo Galilei | Galileo first observed the rings in 1610.

Galileo used smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras for Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi (" I have observed the most distant planet to have a triple form ") for discovering the rings of Saturn.

It was first observed in 1979 by the Voyager 1 space probe and thoroughly investigated in the 1990s by the Galileo orbiter.

Galileo observed the effects of a major eruption at Pillan Patera and confirmed that volcanic eruptions are composed of silicate magmas with magnesium-rich mafic and ultramafic compositions with sulfur and sulfur dioxide serving a role similar to water and carbon dioxide on Earth.

As Galileo observed, if a ship is moving relative to the shore at velocity v, and a fly is moving with velocity u

The Galileo probe observed a lava curtain erupting from the small patera in the centre of the image, and the lava lake from the larger one above it.

* 1612 – Galileo Galilei becomes the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune, although he mistakenly catalogued it as a fixed star.

* December 28 – Galileo Galilei becomes the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune when in conjunction with Jupiter, yet he mistakenly catalogues it as a fixed star because of its extremely slow motion along the ecliptic.

Neptune is not truly discovered until 1846, about 234 years after Galileo first sights it with his telescope.

The ability to array several antennas was incorporated to improve the data returned from the Voyager 2 Neptune encounter, and extensively used for the Galileo spacecraft, when the high gain antenna did not deploy correctly.

* 1960-1985: Van Allen, his colleagues, associates and students at The University of Iowa continued to fly scientific instruments on sounding rockets, Earth satellites ( Explorer 52 / Hawkeye 1 ), and interplanetary spacecraft including the first missions ( Pioneer program, Mariner program, Voyager program, Galileo spacecraft ) to the planets Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Because Neptune moves very slowly and is very faint relative to other known planets of that time, Galileo mistook Neptune for a fixed star, leaving Neptune undiscovered until 1846.

Similar to the Galileo probe that descended into Jupiter's atmosphere, the descend of a probe into the atmosphere of Neptune would take about 30 minutes to an hour until the planet's atmospheric pressure would crush and destroy it – the data transmitted during the descend would allow a detailed analysis of Neptune's atmosphere.

As a formal concept, the method has variously been ascribed to Alhazen, René Descartes ( Discourse on the Method ) and Galileo Galilei.

" The Four Books on Measurement " were published at Nuremberg in 1525 and was the first book for adults on mathematics in German, as well as being cited later by Galileo and Kepler.

In 1616, on the orders of Paul V, Bellarmine summoned Galileo, notified him of a forthcoming decree of the Congregation of the Index condemning the Copernican doctrine of the mobility of the Earth and the immobility of the Sun, and ordered him to abandon it .< ref > Blackwell ( 1991, p. 126 ).

< cite id = disputedinjunction > The Vatican archives contain an unsigned copy of a more strongly worded formal injunction purporting to have been served on Galileo shortly after Bellarmine's admonition, ordering him " not to hold, teach, or defend " the condemned doctrine " in any way whatever, either orally or in writing ", and threatening him with imprisonment if he refused to obey .</ cite > However, whether this injunction was ever properly served on Galileo is a subject of much scholarly disagreement.

Several space observatories did the same, including the Hubble Space Telescope, the ROSAT X-ray observing satellite, and significantly the Galileo spacecraft, then on its way to a rendezvous with Jupiter scheduled for 1995.

While the impacts took place on the side of Jupiter hidden from Earth, Galileo, then at a distance of 1. 6 AU from the planet, was able to see the impacts as they occurred.

Instruments on Galileo detected a fireball which reached a peak temperature of about 24, 000 K, compared to the typical Jovian cloudtop temperature of about 130 K, before expanding and cooling rapidly to about 1500 K after 40 s. The plume from the fireball quickly reached a height of over 3, 000 km.

A sequence of Galileo spacecraft | Galileo images, taken several seconds apart, showing the appearance of the fireball of fragment W on the dark side of Jupiter

" In addition to the various works of Brewster already mentioned, the following may be added: Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry ( 1824 ); Treatise on Optics ( 1831 ); Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott ( 1832 ); The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler ( 1841 ); More Worlds than One ( 1854 ).

Vincenzo, through his tuning research, found the underlying truth at the heart of the misunderstood myth of ' Pythagoras ' hammers ' ( the square of the numbers concerned yielded those musical intervals, not the actual numbers, as believed ), and through this and other discoveries that demonstrated the fallibility of traditional authorities, a radically empirical attitude developed, passed on to Galileo, which regarded " experience and demonstration " as the sine qua non of valid rational enquiry.

Composite image of the Moon as taken by the Galileo probe | Galileo spacecraft on 7 December 1992.

As a result of these discoveries, Galileo was able to develop a method of determining longitude based on the timing of the orbits of the Galilean moons.

The first stage of the Galileo programme was agreed upon officially on 26 May 2003 by the European Union and the European Space Agency.

Although a decision was yet to be reached, on 13 July 2007 EU countries discussed cutting € 548m ($ 755m, £ 370m ) from the union's competitiveness budget for the following year and shifting some of that cash to other parts of the financing pot, a move that could meet part of the cost of the union's Galileo satellite navigation system.

Galileo launch on a Soyuz rocket, 21 Oct 2011

The first two Galileo In-Orbit Validation satellites were launched by Soyuz ST-B flown from Guiana Space Centre on October 21, 2011.

At the Munich Satellite Navigation Summit on March 10, a Chinese government official asked the European Commission why it no longer wanted to work with China, and when China ’ s cash investment in Galileo would be returned.

It was built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd ( SSTL ), and successfully launched on 28 December 2005 by the European Space Agency and the Galileo Joint.