The National Society of Genetic Counselors ( NSGC ) officially defines genetic counseling as the understanding and adaptation to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease.

Genetic fingerprinting and DNA microarray are very popular tools and research fields.

Genetic factors contribute substantially to the likelihood of developing bipolar disorder, and environmental factors are also implicated.

Genetic studies have suggested many chromosomal regions and candidate genes appearing to relate to bipolar disorder's development, but the results are not consistent and often not replicated.

Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification / manipulation ( GM ) and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes.

Genetic engineering is different from traditional breeding, where the organism's genes are manipulated indirectly.

Genetic distance calculations have indicated red wolves are intermediate between coyotes and gray wolves, and they bear great similarity to wolf / coyote hybrids in southern Quebec and Minnesota.

Genetic disorders of ion channels and their modifiers are known as Channelopathies.

The results of such Genetic Algorithms are frequently irreducibly complex since the process, like evolution, both removes non-essential components over time as well as adding new components.

Genetic studies indicate that these animals are not closely related to artiodactyls and perissodactyls ; their closest relatives are afrosoricidans.

Genetic algorithms are simple to implement, but their behavior is difficult to understand.

Genetic algorithms are a sub-field of:

* Genetic programming ( GP ) is a related technique popularized by John Koza in which computer programs, rather than function parameters, are optimized.

# Rather than banning genetic testing or genetic enhancement, society needs genetic information privacy laws that allow justified forms of genetic testing and data aggregation, but forbid those that are judged to result in genetic discrimination ( such as the U. S. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act signed into law on May 21, 2008 ).

Biological determinism, sometimes called Genetic determinism, is the idea that each of our behaviors, beliefs, and desires are fixed by our genetic nature.

Genetic evidence suggests the porpoises are more closely related to the white whales, and that these two families constitute a separate clade which diverged from the Delphinoidea within the past 11 million years.

Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the etiology of Tourette's, but the exact causes are unknown.

Genetic analyses indicate that the Gnetales arose from within the conifer group, and any morphological similarities between angiosperms and Gnetales are separately derived.

Genetic traits on the X and Y chromosomes are called sex linked, because they tend to be characteristic of one sex or the other.

Genetic and morphological evidence indicates that they are descendants of the Scorpionfly family Boreidae, which are also flightless ; accordingly it is possible that they will eventually be reclassified as a suborder within the Mecoptera.

Genetic studies have proved that the three tahrs are not as closely related as thought earlier.

Genetic factors are often a cause of congenital cataract, and positive family history may also play a role in predisposing someone to cataracts at an earlier age, a phenomenon of " anticipation " in presenile cataracts.

Genetic defects of most forms of dwarfism caused by bone dysplasia cannot be corrected, so therapeutic interventions are typically aimed at preventing or reducing pain or physical disability, increasing adult height, or mitigating psychosocial stresses and enhancing social adaptation.

The latter two are the most likely and are together supported by multiple scientific studies .< ref >" Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population ", American Journal of Human Genetics, AJHG, Volume 85

* Genetic recombination, also called ectopic recombination, refers to recombination between sites, usually containing identical or similar sequences, at different locations in the genome, leading to deletions, insertions, or chromosomal crossovers

Genetic counseling and genetic testing, such as amniocentesis, is usually offered during a pregnancy if holoprosencephaly is detected.

Genetic counseling is usually offered if there is a risk of lissencephaly, coupled with genetic testing.

Genetic evidence suggests that the Nilgiri langur and purple-faced langur, which usually are placed in the genus Trachypithecus, actually belong in Semnopithecus.

Genetic counseling and genetic testing such as amniocentesis are usually offered during the pregnancy.

Genetic testing provides the ultimate diagnosis in 95 % of cases ; genetic counseling is usually needed in families where FAP has been diagnosed.

Genetic testing to identify the Pendrin gene usually establishes the diagnosis.

Genetic studies discovered that much of what had been grown as Merlot was actually Carménère, an old French variety that had gone largely extinct in France due to its poor resistance to phylloxera.

Genetic drift is the change in the relative frequency in which a gene variant ( allele ) occurs in a population due to random sampling.

Genetic drift or allelic drift is the change in the frequency of a gene variant ( allele ) in a population due to random sampling.

* Genetic drift describes changes in gene frequency that cannot be ascribed to selective pressures, but are due instead to events that are unrelated to inherited traits.

Genetic disorders that are due to mutations in genes on the X chromosome are described as X linked.

Genetic structuring can be caused by migration due to historical climate change, species range expansion or current availability of habitat.

Genetic analyses indicate, rather than being closely related to the American mink, the European mink's closest relative is the European polecat ( perhaps due to past hybridization ) and the Siberian weasel, being intermediate in form between true polecats and other members of the genus.

Genetic Diversity due to the population bottleneck that occurs when there is a low population density.

Genetic testing can reveal the Cetagandan origins due to some genetically engineered genes.

Genetic disorders also affect dogs, often due to selective breeding to produce individual dog breeds.